400 research outputs found

    Funktionelle Charakterisierung von Promotorpolymorphismen im humanen Cytochrom P450 2B6-Gen (CYP2B6)

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    Human Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) belongs to the superfamily of Cytochrome P450 enzymes which catalyze a vast variety of biotransformations, mainly oxidations, of numerous endogenous substrates and xenobiotics. Drugs predominantly metabolized by this enzyme include, among others, the anticancer prodrug cyclophosphamide, the narcotic propofol, the antidepressant bupropion, the antimalarial drug artemisinin and the reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz. In several works, a high variability in hepatic expression of CYP2B6 has been observed, part of which can be attributed to induction phenomena similar to the rodent CYP2B genes. Additionally, CYP2B6 has been shown to be highly polymorphic in the coding region as well as in the promoter region, and certain nonsynonymous SNPs have been associated with altered hepatic expression or activity of the protein. In this work, the impact of promoter polymorphisms on transcription of the human CYP2B6 gene was investigated. A comprehensive haplotype analysis was conducted using 2.3 kb of promoter sequence data and genotypes for all common nonsynonymous SNPs from 96 individuals of Caucasian origin. Erroneous genotyping for the SNP c.1459C>T in exon 9 was observed with the PCR-RFLP assay described previously by Lang et al. (2001) resulting from a mutation in a primer binding site in intron 8, and an alternative assay was developed. The presence and frequency of the major haplotypes present among Caucasians was confirmed except for the CYP2B6*7 allele which was shown to be a potential artifact caused by faulty genotyping of the mutation c.1459C>T. For functional investigations of the promoter polymorphisms, HepG2-cells and primary rat and human hepatocytes were transfected with luciferase reporter gene constructs driven by 2033 bp of the most frequent promoter variants *1A, *1J, *1N and *22. The novel haplotype *22 (-1848C>A, -801G>T, -750T>C and -82T>C) showed three- to ninefold enhanced transcriptional activity compared to *1A representing the wild type in all transfected cells. Constructs containing single mutations surprisingly revealed -82T>C, predicted to disrupt a putative TATA box, to be alone responsible for this effect. In silico analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated conversion of the putative TATA box into a functional C/EBP binding site. Analysis of transcriptional start sites by 5’-RLM-RACE and primer extension showed the mutant promoter to be transcribed from a start site located about 30 bp downstream of the wild type start site, consistent with the use of a noncanonical TATA box at -55 bp. For genotyping the SNP -82T>C in a large human liverbank, a DHPLC assay was established. The subsequent phenotype-genotype correlation analysis showed that median CYP2B6 mRNA expression and bupropion hydroxylase activity as a selective marker of CYP2B6 catalytic activity were about twofold higher in livers genotyped -82TC as in those genotyped -82TT (20.4 vs. 9.8 a.u., p=0.007, and 201.8 vs. 106.7 pmol/mg*min, p=0.042, respectively). This promoter polymorphism thus contributes to CYP2B6 functional variability and represents a novel mechanism by which mutations can enhance transcription. The SNP -750T>C was also investigated as it was predicted to disrupt a putative HNF1 binding site. Although a reduction in affinity of HNF1 to the promoter was observed in electrophoretic mobility shift assay when the mutation was present, no significant differences in reporter gene assays or hepatic expression were seen in relation to this mutation. In contrast, the CYP2B6*6B allele containing this SNP was shown to result in significantly reduced expression in human liver samples at the mRNA, protein and activity level. Thus, median mRNA levels were 11.2 vs. 7.2 a.u. (p=0.017), median microsomal protein content was 14.2 vs. 7.3 pmol 2B6/mg protein (p=0.008), and median bupropion hydroxylase activity was reduced from 121.2 to 79.9 pmol/mg*min (p=0.020) in non-carriers vs. carriers of the CYP2B6*6 allele. Furthermore, a detailed inter-species comparison of CYP2B promoters and transcriptional start sites provided novel insights into evolutionary relationships and constitutive regulation of this gene (Zukunft et al., 2005).Das humane Cytochrom P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) gehört zu der Superfamilie der Cytochrom-P450-Enzyme, die eine Vielfalt von Biotransformationen, vornehmlich Oxidationen, verschiedenster körpereigener und -fremder Substrate katalysieren. Zu den Arzneistoffen, die fast ausschließlich von diesem Enzym metabolisiert werden, zĂ€hlen unter anderem das Cytostatikum Cyclophosphamid, das AnĂ€sthetikum Propofol, das Antidepressivum Bupropion, das Antimalariamittel Artemisinin und der nichtnukleosidische Reverse-Transkriptase-Hemmer Efavirenz. In verschiedenen Arbeiten wurde eine hohe VariabilitĂ€t der hepatischen Expression des CYP2B6 beobachtet, die teilweise seiner den CYP2 Genen der Nager analogen Induzierbarkeit zugeschrieben werden kann. DarĂŒber hinaus wurde gezeigt, dass CYP2B6 sowohl in der Promotorregion als auch im kodierenden Bereich hochpolymorph ist, und verschiedene zu einem AminosĂ€ureaustausch fĂŒhrende Mutationen wurden mit einer verĂ€nderten Expression oder AktivitĂ€t des Proteins assoziiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von Promotorpolymorphismen auf die Transkription des humanen CYP2B6-Gens untersucht. Sequenzierungsdaten von einem 2,3 kb umfassenden Bereich des Promotors sowie Genotypisierungsdaten fĂŒr alle hĂ€ufigen nichtsynonymen SNPs von 96 Kaukasiern wurden fĂŒr eine umfassende Haplotypenanalyse verwendet. Fehlerhafte Genotypisierungen mit der von Lang et al. (2001) beschriebenen PCR-RFLP-Methode fĂŒr die Mutation c.1459C>T wurden beobachtet, die sich auf eine Mutation in einer Primerbindestelle im Intron 8 zurĂŒckfĂŒhren ließen, und eine alternative Methode wurde etabliert. Die PrĂ€senz und HĂ€ufigkeiten der wichtigsten Haplotypen bei Kaukasiern konnten bis auf Ausnahme des Allels CYP2B6*7 bestĂ€tigt werden. FĂŒr dieses wurde gezeigt, dass es sich wahrscheinlich um ein durch fehlerhaftes Genotypisieren der Mutation c.1459C>T verursachtes Artefakt handelt. FĂŒr die funktionelle Untersuchung der Promotorpolymorphismen wurden HepG2-Zellen sowie aus Ratten und Menschen isolierte primĂ€re Hepatozyten mit Reportergenkonstrukten transfiziert, von denen das Luziferasegen unter der Kontrolle von 2033 Basenpaaren der hĂ€ufigsten Promotorvarianten *1A, *1J, *1N und *22 transkribiert wird. Der neu beschriebene Haplotyp *22 (-1848C>A, -801G>T, -750T>C und -82T>C) zeigte in allen transfizierten Zellen eine drei- bis neunfach erhöhte TranskriptionsaktivitĂ€t im Vergleich zu *1A, das den Wildtyp reprĂ€sentiert. Überraschenderweise konnte durch Reportergenkonstrukte mit einzelnen Mutationen der SNP -82T>C, der eine mutmaßliche TATA-box zerstört, als die alleinige ursĂ€chliche Mutation identifiziert werden. Computeranalysen und „electrophoretic mobility shift assay“ zeigten, dass die potentielle TATA-box in eine funktionelle C/EBP-Bindestelle umgewandelt wird. Transkriptionsstartanalysen mittels „5’-RLM-RACE“ und „primer extension“ ergaben, dass beim mutierten Promotor die Transkription ungefĂ€hr 30 Basen stromabwĂ€rts der regulĂ€ren Transkriptionsstartstelle einsetzt, was auf die Verwendung einer nichtkanonischen TATA-Box bei -55 bp schließen ließ. Eine DHPLC-Methode zur Genotypisierung des SNPs -82T>C in einer umfangreichen humanen Leberbank wurde entwickelt. In der anschließenden Genotyp-PhĂ€notypkorrelation erwies sich, dass die mediane CYP2B6 mRNA-Expression und die BupropionhydroxylaseaktivitĂ€t als spezifische Nachweisreaktion fĂŒr CYP2B6-AktivitĂ€t in Lebern mit Genotyp -82TC gegenĂŒber denen mit Genotyp -82TT etwa zweifach erhöht waren (20,4 vs. 9,8 a.u., p=0,007, und 201,8 vs. 106,7 pmol/mg*min, p=0,042). Folglich trĂ€gt dieser Promotorpolymorphismus zur funktionellen VariabilitĂ€t des CYP2B6 bei und stellt einen neuartigen Mechanismus dar, wie eine Mutation die Transkription verstĂ€rken kann. Des weiteren wurd der SNP -750T>C untersucht, bei dessen Anwesenheit die Zerstörung einer mutmaßlichen HNF1-Bindestelle vorhergesagt wurde. Obwohl in Gegenwart der Mutation eine AbschwĂ€chung der PromotoraffinitĂ€t von HNF1 im „electrophoretic mobility shift assay“ beobachtet wurde, waren signifikante Unterschiede bezĂŒglich dieser Mutation weder bei den Reportergenversuchen noch bei der hepatischen Expression zu sehen. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte fĂŒr das Allel CYP2B6*6B, das diese Mutation enthĂ€lt, eine verringerte Expression in humanen Leberproben auf mRNA-, Protein- und AktivitĂ€tsebene beobachtet werden. So war bei NichttrĂ€gern bzw. TrĂ€gern des CYP2B6*6-Allels die mediane mRNA-Expression 11,2 vs. 7,2 a.u. (p=0,017), der mediane mikrosomale Proteingehalt betrug 14,2 vs. 7,3 pmol 2B6/mg Protein (p=0,008), und die mediane BupropionhydroxylaseaktivitĂ€t war von 121,2 auf 79,9 pmol/mg*min (p=0,020) reduziert. Des weiteren wurde ein detaillierte GegenĂŒberstellung von CYP2B-Promotoren und Transkriptionsstartstellen verschiedener Spezies vorgenommen, die neue Einblicke in die evolutionĂ€re Entwicklung und konstitutive Regulation dieses Gens gewĂ€hrt

    Cyborg / [f]acting green

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    Optimal design and planning multi resource-based energy integration in process industries

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    Recently, process industries have experienced a significant pressure to shift from centralized energy supplying systems to the in-situ exploitation of renewable resources. Special attention has been paid to multi resource-based energy systems, a particular case of distributed generation where processing nodes include energy generation and can operate either grid-connected or isolated. This work proposes a general model to determine the optimal retrofitting of a supply chain integrating renewable energy sources under uncertain conditions and to analyze the effect of different planning horizons in the solution. The proposed mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation allows determining the best combination of available technologies that satisfies the internal energy demand of a given set of scenarios while addressing total expected cost and expected environmental impact minimization. The potential of the approach is illustrated through a case study from the sugar cane industry proposed by Mele et al. (2011).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    eHealth in transplantation

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    eHealth ("electronic" Health) is a new field in medicine that has the potential to change medical care, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. In this review, we analyzed the current status of eHealth in transplantation by performing a PubMed search over the last 5 years with a focus on clinical studies for post-transplant care. We retrieved 463 manuscripts, of which 52 clinical reports and eight randomized controlled trials were identified. Most studies were on kidney (n = 19), followed by liver (n = 10), solid organ (n = 7), bone-marrow (n = 6), and lung transplantation (n = 6). Eleven articles included adolescents/children. Investigated eHealth features covered the whole spectrum with mobile applications for patients (n = 24) and video consultations (n = 18) being most frequent. Prominent topics for patient apps were self-management (n = 16), adherence (n = 14), symptom-reporting (11), remote monitoring of vital signs (n = 8), educational (n = 7), and drug reminder (n = 7). In this review, we discuss opportunities and strengths of such new eHealth solutions, the implications for successful implementation into the healthcare process, the human factor, data protection, and finally, the need for better evidence from prospective clinical trials in order to confirm the claims on better patient care, potential efficiency gains and cost savings

    AMP-Activated Protein Kinase alpha 2 in Neutrophils Regulates Vascular Repair via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 alpha and a Network of Proteins Affecting Metabolism and Apoptosis

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    Rationale: The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is stimulated by hypoxia, and although the AMPK alpha 1 catalytic subunit has been implicated in angiogenesis, little is known about the role played by the AMPK alpha 2 subunit in vascular repair. Objective: To determine the role of the AMPK alpha 2 subunit in vascular repair. Methods and Results: Recovery of blood flow after femoral artery ligation was impaired (>80%) in AMPK alpha 2(-/-) versus wild-type mice, a phenotype reproduced in mice lacking AMPK alpha 2 in myeloid cells (AMPK alpha 2(Delta MC)). Three days after ligation, neutrophil infiltration into ischemic limbs of AMPK alpha 2(Delta MC) mice was lower than that in wild-type mice despite being higher after 24 hours. Neutrophil survival in ischemic tissue is required to attract monocytes that contribute to the angiogenic response. Indeed, apoptosis was increased in hypoxic neutrophils from AMPK alpha 2(Delta MC) mice, fewer monocytes were recruited, and gene array analysis revealed attenuated expression of proangiogenic proteins in ischemic AMPK alpha 2(Delta MC) hindlimbs. Many angiogenic growth factors are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha induction was attenuated in AMPK alpha 2-deficient cells and accompanied by its enhanced hydroxylation. Also, fewer proteins were regulated by hypoxia in neutrophils from AMPK alpha 2(Delta MC) mice. Mechanistically, isocitrate dehydrogenase expression and the production of alpha-ketoglutarate, which negatively regulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha stability, were attenuated in neutrophils from wild-type mice but remained elevated in cells from AMPK alpha 2(Delta MC) mice. Conclusions: AMPK alpha 2 regulates alpha-ketoglutarate generation, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha stability, and neutrophil survival, which in turn determine further myeloid cell recruitment and repair potential. The activation of AMPK alpha 2 in neutrophils is a decisive event in the initiation of vascular repair after ischemia

    Cardiovascular phenotype of mice lacking 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase

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    Rationale: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a physiological mediator that regulates cardiovascular homeostasis. Three major enzymes contribute to the generation of endogenously produced H2S, namely cystathionine Îł-lyase (CSE), cystathionine ÎČ-synthase (CBS) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). Although the biological roles of CSE and CBS have been extensively investigated in the cardiovascular system, very little is known about that of 3-MST. In the present study we determined the importance of 3-MST in the heart and blood vessels, using a genetic model with a global 3-MST deletion. Results: 3-MST is the most abundant transcript in the mouse heart, compared to CSE and CBS. 3-MST was mainly localized in smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes, where it was present in both the mitochondria and the cytosol. Levels of serum and cardiac H2S species were not altered in adult young (2–3 months old) 3-MST−/− mice compared to WT animals. No significant changes in the expression of CSE and CBS were observed. Additionally, 3-MST−/− mice had normal left ventricular structure and function, blood pressure and vascular reactivity. Interestingly, genetic ablation of 3-MST protected mice against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, and abolished the protection offered by ischemic pre- and post-conditioning. 3-MST−/− mice showed lower expression levels of thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, lower levels of cellular antioxidants and elevated basal levels of cardiac reactive oxygen species. In parallel, 3-MST−/− mice showed no significant alterations in endothelial NO synthase or downstream targets. Finally, in a separate cohort of older 3-MST−/− mice (18 months old), a hypertensive phenotype associated with cardiac hypertrophy and NO insufficiency was observed. Conclusions: Overall, genetic ablation of 3-MST impacts on the mouse cardiovascular system in an age-dependent manner. Loss of 3-MST exerts a cardioprotective role in young adult mice, while with aging it predisposes them to hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy

    siA-Fachtag 2022

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    Diese siA-Fachdokumentation 2022 fasst die zentralen Impulse und erarbeiteten Ergebnisse des ersten Fachtags zur studienintegrierenden Ausbildung (siA) am 30.09.2022 in Hamburg zusammen. Unter dem Titel „Die siA als Bildungsweg der Zukunft?! – Herausforderungen und Potenziale“ bot der siA-Fachtag die Möglichkeit, nicht nur fĂŒr Hamburger siA-Akteurinnen und Akteure wie LehrkrĂ€ften, Professorinnen und Professoren und den studierenden Auszubildenden neue Perspektiven auf hybride Bildungswege zu gewinnen. Dies galt auch fĂŒr die Teilnehmenden aus weiteren Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten, Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Bildungseinrichtungen. Beteiligte oder Interessierte, die den siA-Fachtag 2022 nicht besuchen konnten, erhalten eine Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse. Sie alle zeugen von der Bandbreite der Herausforderungen und Chancen, die eine studienintegrierende Ausbildung bietet. (DIPF/Orig.)This siA specialist documentation 2022 summarizes the central impulses and the results of the first specialist day for study-integrated training (siA) on September 30th, 2022 in Hamburg. Under the title "The siA as an educational path of the future?! - Challenges and Potentials", the siA symposium offered the opportunity to gain new perspectives on hybrid educational paths, not only for Hamburg siA actors such as teachers, professors and the student trainees. This also applied to the participants from other research and development projects, business, science and educational institutions. Those involved or interested who were unable to attend the siA symposium 2022 will receive a summary of the results. They all testify to the range of challenges and opportunities offered by an integrated degree program. (Authors

    siA-Fachtag 2022

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    Diese siA-Fachdokumentation 2022 fasst die zentralen Impulse und erarbeiteten Ergebnisse des ersten siA-Fachtags am 30.09.2022 in Hamburg zusammen. Unter dem Titel „Die siA als Bildungsweg der Zukunft?! – Herausforderungen und Potenziale“ bot der siA-Fachtag die Möglichkeit, nicht nur fĂŒr Hamburger siA-Akteurinnen und Akteure wie LehrkrĂ€ften, Professorinnen und Professoren und den studierenden Auszubildenden neue Perspektiven auf hybride Bildungswege zu gewinnen. Dies galt auch fĂŒr die Teilnehmenden aus weiteren Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekten, Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Bildungseinrichtungen. Beteiligte oder Interessierte, die den siA-Fachtag 2022 nicht besuchen konnten, erhalten eine Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse. Sie alle zeugen von der Bandbreite der Herausforderungen und Chancen, die eine studienintegrierende Ausbildung bietet. (DIPF/Orig.)This siA specialist documentation 2022 summarizes the central impulses and the results of the first siA specialist day on September 30th, 2022 in Hamburg. Under the title "The siA as an educational path of the future?! - Challenges and Potentials", the siA symposium offered the opportunity to gain new perspectives on hybrid educational paths, not only for Hamburg siA actors such as teachers, professors and the student trainees. This also applied to the participants from other research and development projects, business, science and educational institutions. Those involved or interested who were unable to attend the siA symposium 2022 will receive a summary of the results. They all testify to the range of challenges and opportunities offered by an integrated degree program. (Authors

    Polarization of Human Macrophages by Interleukin-4 Does Not Require ATP-Citrate Lyase

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    Macrophages exposed to the Th2 cytokines interleukin (IL) IL-4 and IL-13 exhibit a distinct transcriptional response, commonly referred to as M2 polarization. Recently, IL-4-induced polarization of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) has been linked to acetyl-CoA levels through the activity of the cytosolic acetyl-CoA-generating enzyme ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). Here, we studied how ACLY regulated IL-4-stimulated gene expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Although multiple ACLY inhibitors attenuated IL-4-induced target gene expression, this effect could not be recapitulated by silencing ACLY expression. Furthermore, ACLY inhibition failed to alter cellular acetyl-CoA levels and histone acetylation. We generated ACLY knockout human THP-1 macrophages using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. While these cells exhibited reduced histone acetylation levels, IL-4-induced gene expression remained intact. Strikingly, ACLY inhibitors still suppressed induction of target genes by IL-4 in ACLY knockout cells, suggesting off-target effects of these drugs. Our findings suggest that ACLY may not be the major regulator of nucleocytoplasmic acetyl-CoA and IL-4-induced polarization in human macrophages. Furthermore, caution should be warranted in interpreting the impact of pharmacological inhibition of ACLY on gene expression
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