160 research outputs found
Central Government and Secession
Governments and countries throughout history have risen and fallen while some have carried on through the years. However, some countries look very different from when they existed in previous times. Rulers and leaders have utilized many responses to rebellions and secessionist movements. These responses range from bloody and/or political repression, devolution, simply declaring secession unconstitutional or illegal, economic concessions/incentives, or even simply ignoring the problem. There is not only the debate as to what is the best way to put down a rebellion or secessionist movement, but also what is the right/moral response that the government should do to keep the country together in a democratic society. In order to answer the question as to what the best government reaction to a secessionist movement, then one needs to look at all the major options that have been used in modern history in Europe and North America and the impact they had on the country and how it affected that countryâs society. One would have little choice after researching the issue but to say that the declaration of a secessionist movement is unconstitutional/illegal is the best response a government can use
The social and political thought of William Paley
The aim of this paper has been to select those topics that relate primarily to society and the workings of government. The main thrust of the discussion concerns William Paley\u27s teachings that have social and political importance
ElektromobilitÀt und das Problem der LadesÀulenwahl: Modellierung und Evaluation eines mathematischen Modells zur fahrerindividuellen Optimierung von LadesÀulenempfehlungen zur Verbesserung der öffentlichen Ladesituation
ElektromobilitĂ€t und das Problem des Aufladens kennzeichnen sich aktuell noch durch das Auffinden unbelegter LadesĂ€ulen und lange Ladezeiten fĂŒr den Endkunden. Geringe Fahrreichweiten der ersten Generationen von Elektrofahrzeugen und die begrenzte VerfĂŒgbarkeit öffentlicher SchnellladesĂ€ulen untermauern die öffentliche Wahrnehmung der ElektromobilitĂ€t hĂ€ufig mit dem Begriff der Reichweitenangst. Der Fahrzeugnutzer ist es gewohnt, unkompliziert in einem gut ausgebauten Tankstellennetz jederzeit bis zu eintausend Kilometer Reichweite in wenigen Minuten Tankzeit fĂŒr bestehende Fahrzeuge mit Verbrennungsmotoren zu erwerben.
Diese Einfachheit bietet ElektromobilitÀt aktuell nicht.
Es existieren unterschiedliche Steckersysteme, uneinheitliche Preismodelle der LadesÀulenbetreiber, Anmeldepflichten der Kunden bei den LadesÀulenbetreibern, unterschiedliche Ladeleistungen und umstÀndliche Abrechnungssysteme. Das alternative Aufladen am Hausstromanschluss erfordert mehrere Stunden Ladezeit und verlangt von Fahrern einen eingeschrÀnkten MobilitÀtsradius in der NÀhe des Hausstromanschlusses.
Doch selbst wenn all diese Teilprobleme gelöst werden, verbleibt die technologiecharakteristische Problematik der langen Ladezeiten. Denn selbst an SchnellladesĂ€ulen treten Ladezeiten von 25 min auf und ĂŒbersteigen damit die regulĂ€ren Tankzeiten von etwa 2,5 min um das Zehnfache. Und diese langen Ladezeiten treten entsprechend hĂ€ufig auf, denn die geringe Fahrreichweite aktueller Elektrofahrzeuge fĂŒhrt dazu, dass Elektrofahrzeuge hĂ€ufiger LadesĂ€ulen aufsuchen mĂŒssen, als gĂ€ngige Fahrzeuge mit Verbrennungsmotoren Tankstellen aufsuchen. Das hĂ€ufige Aufsuchen von LadesĂ€ulen innerhalb der noch unzureichend ausgebauten Ladeinfrastruktur und die bei der Ankunft erforderlichen langen Ladezeiten können Blockierungen und Wartezeiten zwischen den Fahrern von Elektrofahrzeugen bei der Ankunft an den LadesĂ€ulen provozieren.
Dabei stellt sich schon heute und zukĂŒnftig noch viel mehr folgende Frage:
>> Wie können Fahrer von Elektrofahrzeugen individuell durch BerĂŒcksichtigung ihrer persönlichen PrĂ€ferenzen bei ihrer LadesĂ€ulenwahl durch Optimierung auf der Basis der von ihnen bereitgestellten Fahrzeugpositionsdaten und Akkustanddaten von einem kollaborativen LadesĂ€ulenmanagementsystem unterstĂŒtzt werden, sodass es zu weniger gegenseitigen Blockierungen an LadesĂ€ulen kommt und damit die öffentliche Ladesituation verbessert werden kann, und wie stören Fahrer diese Optimierung, die keine Daten bereitstellen möchten oder können? <<
Diese Fragestellung wird im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit beantwortet.Electromobility and the problem of uncomplicated charging is currently characterized by the finding of unoccupied charging stations and long charging times for the end customer. The limited availability of the first generations of electric vehicles and the limited availability of public high-speed charging stations often results in a negative public perception of electromobility. Current drivers are used to fill up regular vehicles with combustion engines in just minutes to get thousand kilometers of range in a fully developed infrastructure of petrol stations.
Electromobility does not currently offer this simplicity.
There are different plug-systems, inconsistent pricing models, customer registration requirements, different performance classes and cumbersome billing systems for charging stations. The alternative charging at home demands several hours of charging time and requires drivers to have a restricted mobility radius in driving range to their homes.
However, even if all of these partial problems are solved, the technology-characteristic problem of long charging times remains. Charging times of 25 min occur even at high-speed charging stations, thus exceeding the regular petrol fill up time of 2.5 min by ten times. And these long charging times occur correspondingly frequently, since the low operating distance of current electric vehicles leads to the fact that electric vehicles have to visit charging stations more frequently than conventional vehicles with combustion engines call petrol stations. Frequent searching of charging stations within the still insufficiently developed charging infrastructure and the required long charging times can provoke extensive blockages and waiting times between the drivers of electric vehicles.
This results in the central question of the work:
>> How can drivers of electric vehicles be supported individually by taking into account their personal charging behavior on the basis of their vehicle position data and battery data, which are optimized within a collaborative charging station management system to reduce mutual blocking at public charging situation and how will drivers disturb this optimization, who cannot or do not want to provide those data? <<
This question is answered in this thesis
Refraction corrected transmission imaging based on BĂ©zier curves: first results with KIT 3D USCT
AbstractThe computational complexity of wave-based image ultrasound transmission reconstructionsis very high especially in 3D. Hence, ray-based approximations are often used. Bent rayapproaches like the fast marching method are time-consuming in comparison to the straightray approximation. The B Ìezier curve technique for refraction approximation, introduced byPerez-Liva et al., could be a compromise between computational effort and image quality. Inthis work, the method was extended to 3D and an evaluation on two 3D datasets was carriedout. The first dataset was simulated with the k-wave toolbox, with hemispherically arrangedemitters and receivers and a sound speed inhomogeneity. With a mean squared error of 9.98m/s the method produces similar results as the fast marching method (11.85 m/s). The objectsize is represented better in comparison to the straight ray method. Applied to real data ofthe KIT 3D USCT both methods performed similarly. The object size was better preservedusing bent ray methods. The B Ìezier bent ray method shows first promising results in 3D asit leads to similar results than the fast marching method
Polychrome labeling reveals skeletal triradiate and elongation dynamics and abnormalities in patterning cue-perturbed embryos
IOS-1656752 - National Science FoundationFirst author draf
Molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal patterning in sea urchin embryos
Morphogenesis, or the development of tissues, structures, and organs, is at the heart of embryonic development. Morphogenesis is a complex, multi-tissue process that requires coordinated cellular communication, migration, and differentiation; due to this complexity, the mechanisms that underlie morphogenesis remain poorly understood. The sea urchin embryo is morphologically and genetically more simple than most other developmental model organisms, and is optically transparent, making it a highly tractable system in which to study morphogenetic processes. The sea urchin larval endoskeleton is a biomineral that is secreted by primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs). The PMCs ingress into the embryo and remain individual, mesenchymal cells that migrate into a stereotypic three-dimensional (3-D) pattern within the blastocoel, prefiguring the form of the ensuing skeleton, which they subsequently secrete. PMC positioning is directed by cues originating in the overlying ectoderm; however, the molecular identity of those cues has remained unknown. The work described in this dissertation combines systems-level approaches with in vivo 3-D spatial analysis to identify novel skeletal patterning genes and to define their functional roles in skeletal patterning. A transcriptomics-based screen identified numerous novel candidate skeletal patterning cues. Of those cues, two were further pursued for detailed functional studies. First, the sulfate transporter SLC26a2/7 (SLC) was found to promote ventral accumulation of sulfated proteoglycans that is both necessary and sufficient to attract PMCs to the ventral territory for ventral skeleton formation. Second, the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) was found to be required for ventral and rotational skeletal patterning, and its product, 5(S)-HETE was found to be a chemoattractant for PMCs, thereby identifying a novel role for lipoxygenase enzymes in embryonic patterning and morphogenesis. Recent work from other groups has demonstrated that PMCs diversify their gene expression profiles during skeletal patterning, implying that PMC diversification is involved in skeletal patterning, likely as a response to locally distinct spatial cues. The studies herein identify Tbx2/3 and Pks2 as important PMC subset-specific genes whose spatial expression is modulated by SLC and LOX, respectively. Together, these results provide new mechanistic insights that define our molecular understanding of the regulation of sea urchin ventral skeletal patterning
Orçamento empresarial e contabilidade gerencial
O presente artigo foi escrito com o objetivo de apresentarum estudo no que diz respeito ao Orçamento Empresarial comoferramenta de apoio a operacionalização da ContabilidadeGerencial. O estudo foi efetuado a partir de uma pesquisa de campode natureza exploratória junto a médias e grandes empresasestabelecidas na Cidade de Cascavel, Estado do Paraná. Partindode uma revisão na literatura disponível a respeito, apresenta-se oConceito de Contabilidade Gerencial como instrumento para tomadade decisões. Posteriormente, apresentam-se conceitos a respeitode Orçamento, bem como a utilização do mesmo como instrumentode planejamento e controle das atividades empresariais,princípios Orçamentários e justificativas para a utilização do Orçamento.Em um último momento, o artigo apresenta a análise dasrespostas apresentadas, de forma que foi possível constatar que oOrçamento é uma ferramenta importante como apoio eoperacionalização da Contabilidade Gerencial
Biochemische Analyse der Kollagenstruktur residualen Dentins nach chemo-mechanischer Kariestherapie
Chemo-mechanische Verfahren zur Kariesentfernung, wie die Anwendung von CarisolvTM, werden als schonende Alternativen zur konventionellen Anwendung des Bohrers diskutiert. Es wird angenommen, dass CarisolvTM dabei hilft, das denaturierte Kollagen in der kariösen LĂ€sion aufzulösen. Es wird darĂŒber hinaus vermutet, dass das intakte Kollagen innerhalb der LĂ€sion nach diesem Verfahren erhalten werden kann. Dieses Dentin hĂ€tte die Möglichkeit sich zu remineralisieren. Dies stĂŒnde im Gegensatz zu der aggressiveren traditionellen Kariesentfernung mit rotierenen Instrumenten, die sich vornehmlich an der HĂ€rte des Dentins am KavitĂ€tenboden orientiert. Es war deshalb das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung, die Kollagenstruktur des Dentins am KavitĂ€tenboden nach chemo-mechanischer Kariesbehandlung mit CarisolvTM biochemisch zu analysieren. Bei jeweils 35 ZĂ€hnen der permanenten und der primĂ€ren Dentition wurde die Dentinkaries chemo-mechanisch mittels CarisolvTM entsprechend den Herstellerangaben mit speziellen Handinstrumenten entfernt. AnschlieĂend wurde eine dĂŒnne Schicht Dentin am KavitĂ€tenboden niedertourig mit einem Rosenbohrer exkaviert. Die so gewonnenen Dentinproben wurden zunĂ€chst mit 0,5 M EDTA demineralisiert, dann gegen 0,5 % EssigsĂ€ure dialysiert und anschlieĂend durch Ultrafiltration von intakten KollagenmolekĂŒlen befreit. Das Ultrafiltrat wurde lyophilisiert und der Bestimmung von Kollagen-Quervernetzungskomponenten mittels HPLC zugefĂŒhrt. Als Kontrollen dienten einerseits Proben gesunden Dentins aus 60 kariesfreien ZĂ€hnen, andererseits das mittels CarisolvTM entfernte kariöse Dentin. WĂ€hrend im Ultrafiltrat gesunden Dentins die Kollagen-Quervernetzungskomponenten lediglich in einem Anteil von 0,2 % der gesamten Dentinprobe gefunden wurden, lag dieser Anteil im residualen Dentin von permanenten ZĂ€hnen bei 34 % und von MilchzĂ€hnen bei 64 %. Hingegen fanden sich die Kollagen-Crosslinks des kariösen chemo-mechanisch entfernten Dentins erwartungsgemÀà zu annĂ€hernd 100 % im Ultrafiltrat. Die Ergebnisse dieser In-vitro-Untersuchung haben gezeigt, dass die Kollagenstruktur des residualen Dentins am KavitĂ€tenboden nach chemo-mechanischer Kariesbehandlung nicht derjenigen gesunden Dentins entsprach. Vielmehr war in erhöhtem MaĂ denaturiertes Kollagen zu finden. Somit muĂ die Möglichkeit einer selektiven und vollstĂ€ndigen Enfernung denaturierten Kollagens aus der Dentinkaries mit dem untersuchten chemo-mechanischen Verfahren in Frage gestellt werden
Changes to parental consent procedures in South Africa - implications for school-based adolescent sexual health research
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