102 research outputs found

    Lagrangian Dynamics of European heat waves

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    Hitzewellen sind meteorologische Extremereignisse mit gesundheitlichen und sozioökonomischen Auswirkungen. In einem sich verĂ€ndernden Klima ist zu erwarten, dass diese Ereignisse zunehmen werden. Modernste numerische Wettervorhersagemodelle sind in der Lage, das Auftreten von Hitzewellen vorherzusagen. Beginn, Dauer, Ende und Ausmaß der Ereignisse stellen jedoch nach wie vor eine Herausforderung fĂŒr die Vorhersagemodelle dar und das grundlegende VerstĂ€ndnis der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Hitzewellen ist noch immer nicht vollstĂ€ndig. Daher wird in dieser Arbeit untersucht, wie sich hohe oberflĂ€chennahe Temperaturen wĂ€hrend Hitzewellen und die damit verbundenen obertroposphĂ€rischen Zirkulationsmuster entwickeln. DarĂŒber hinaus wird die Vorhersagbarkeit ausgewĂ€hlter Hitzewellen untersucht. Die erste Fallstudie analysiert die spĂ€tsommerliche Hitzewelle ĂŒber Europa im Jahr 2016. Mittel-, West- und SĂŒdwesteuropa sind in erster Linie von den hohen Temperaturen betroffen. Sevilla (Spanien) erlebt am 5. September 2016 mit 44,8°C die höchste jemals gemessene Temperatur im September und in Trier (Deutschland) erreichen die Temperaturen am 13. September 2016 34,2°C. Die Hitzewelle ist durch drei deutliche Spitzenwerte gekennzeichnet, begleitet von Rekordwerten der geopotentiellen Höhe in 500 hPa und, in geringerem Maße, der Temperatur in 850 hPa. Diese Spitzenwerte stehen im Zusammenhang mit der Ankunft von hochamplitudigen Rossby-Wellenpaketen in Westeuropa. Letztere entstehen einige Tage vor dem Ereignis ĂŒber dem Westen Nordamerikas. WĂ€hrend der drei Peaks der Hitzewelle ist nicht die lokale Temperaturadvektion, sondern das Absinken und die daraus resultierende adiabatische Kompression in der freien AtmosphĂ€re in Kombination mit Grenzschichtprozessen fĂŒr das Auftreten der extremen Temperaturepisoden verantwortlich. Operationelle Ensemblevorhersagen zeigen in Bezug auf die Modellklimatologie die höchsten Wahrscheinlichkeiten fĂŒr extreme Temperaturen in Trier, gefolgt von Sevilla und Bordeaux. Die Entwicklung hoher oberflĂ€chennaher Temperaturen wĂ€hrend Hitzewellen wird fĂŒr den Zeitraum von 1979 bis 2016 fĂŒr verschiedene Klimazonen in Europa analysiert. Hitzewellen werden mit Hilfe eines auf einem Perzentil basierenden Index definiert und die Hauptprozesse, die entlang der Trajektorien quantifiziert werden, sind die adiabatische Kompression durch Absinken sowie lokale und entfernte diabatische Prozesse in der oberen und unteren TroposphĂ€re. Diese Lagrangesche Analyse wird durch eine Euler\u27sche Berechnung der horizontalen Temperaturadvektion ergĂ€nzt. WĂ€hrend typischer Sommer in Europa treten ein oder zwei Hitzewellen mit einer durchschnittlichen Dauer von fĂŒnf Tagen auf. WĂ€hrend hohe oberflĂ€chennahe Temperaturen ĂŒber Skandinavien von omega-Ă€hnlichen Verteilungen der geopotentiellen Höhe in 500 hPa begleitet werden, sind Hitzewellen ĂŒber dem Mittelmeer mit vergleichsweise flachen RĂŒcken verbunden. Wenn die Luftmassen von den Hitzewellen rĂŒckwĂ€rts verfolgt werden, können drei Trajektoriencluster mit kohĂ€renten thermodynamischen Eigenschaften, vertikalen Bewegungen und geographischen UrsprĂŒngen identifiziert werden. In allen Regionen ist die horizontale Temperaturadvektion eher vernachlĂ€ssigbar. In zwei der drei Cluster ist das Absinken in der freien AtmosphĂ€re sehr wichtig, um hohe Temperaturen nahe der OberflĂ€che zu erzeugen, wĂ€hrend sich die Luftmassen im dritten Cluster hauptsĂ€chlich aufgrund der diabatischen ErwĂ€rmung nahe der OberflĂ€che erwĂ€rmen. Große interregionale Unterschiede treten zwischen den Britischen Inseln und Westrussland auf. In der letztgenannten Region scheinen oberflĂ€chennaher Transport und diabatische ErwĂ€rmung sehr wichtig fĂŒr die Bestimmung der IntensitĂ€t der Hitzewellen zu sein, wĂ€hrend fĂŒr die Britischen Inseln Absinken und adiabatische ErwĂ€rmung von Bedeutung sind. Obwohl das großrĂ€umige Muster wĂ€hrend der Hitzewellentage quasi-stationĂ€r ist, werden wĂ€hrend des Lebenszyklus einer Hitzewelle stĂ€ndig neue Luftmassen in die untere TroposphĂ€re transportiert. Insgesamt bieten die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse einen Leitfaden, auf welche Prozesse und Diagnoseverfahren sich Wetter- und Klimastudien konzentrieren sollten, um die Schwere von Hitzewellen zu verstehen. Auf die klimatologische Analyse hoher OberflĂ€chentemperaturen wĂ€hrend Hitzewellen folgt eine Lagrangesche Analyse von obertroposphĂ€rischen Antizyklonen, die in verschiedenen europĂ€ischen Regionen im Zeitraum von 1979 bis 2016 mit bodennahen Hitzewellen in Verbindung stehen. Um die Bildung dieser Antizyklonen und die Rolle diabatischer Prozesse zu klĂ€ren, werden Luftpakete rĂŒckwĂ€rts von den obertroposphĂ€rischen Antizyklonen verfolgt und das diabatische Heizen in diesen Luftpaketen quantifiziert. Etwa 25-45 % der Luftpakete werden in den letzten drei Tagen vor ihrer Ankunft in den obertroposphĂ€rischen Antizyklonen diabatisch geheizt, und dieser Anteil steigt in den letzten sieben Tagen auf 35-50 %. Der Einfluss des diabatischen Heizens ist bei hitzewellenbedingten Antizyklonen in Nordeuropa und Westrussland grĂ¶ĂŸer und in SĂŒdeuropa kleiner. Interessanterweise findet das diabatische Heizen in zwei geographisch getrennten Luftströmen statt. Drei Tage vor der Ankunft befindet sich ein diabatisch geheizter Luftstrom (entfernter Luftstrom) ĂŒber dem westlichen Nordatlantik und der andere diabatisch geheizte Luftstrom (nahe gelegener Luftstrom) ĂŒber Nordwestafrika/Europa sĂŒdwestlich der obertroposphĂ€rischen Zielantizyklone. Das diabatische Heizen im entfernten Luftstrom steht im Zusammenhang mit warm conveyor belts in nordatlantischen Zyklonen stromaufwĂ€rts des sich entwickelnden obertroposphĂ€rischen RĂŒckens. Im Gegensatz dazu wird der nahegelegene Luftstrom durch Konvektion diabatisch geheizt, was durch eine erhöhte konvektiv verfĂŒgbare potenzielle Energie entlang der Westseite der stĂ€rker ausgeprĂ€gten obertroposphĂ€rische Antizyklone deutlich wird. Die meisten europĂ€ischen Regionen werden von beiden Luftströmen beeinflusst, wĂ€hrend Westrussland ĂŒberwiegend vom nahe gelegenen Luftstrom betroffen ist. Der entfernte Luftstrom beeinflusst vorwiegend die Bildung der obertroposphĂ€rischen Antizyklone und damit der Hitzewelle, wĂ€hrend der nahe Luftstrom wĂ€hrend der Aufrechterhaltung der Antizyklone aktiver ist. Bei lang anhaltenden Hitzewellen regeneriert sich der entfernte Luftstrom wieder. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen, dass die dynamischen Prozesse, die zu Hitzewellen fĂŒhren, möglicherweise empfindlich auf kleinskalige mikrophysikalische und konvektive Prozesse reagieren, deren genaue Darstellung in Modellen daher fĂŒr die Vorhersage von Hitzewellen auf Wetter- und Klimazeitskalen entscheidend sein dĂŒrfte. Die Arbeit schließt mit der Vorhersagbarkeit einer lang anhaltenden Hitzewelle, die vom 24. Juli bis zum 9. August 2018 weite Teile Mitteleuropas erfasste. Sowohl 3- als auch 7-tĂ€gige operationelle Vorhersagen unterschĂ€tzen oft die ĂŒber das Gebiet der Hitzewelle gemittelten 2-m-Temperaturen. Fehler auf der 7-Tage-Zeitskala hĂ€ngen mit der Dynamik in der oberen TroposphĂ€re zusammen, wie eine konsistente UnterschĂ€tzung der geopotentiellen Höhe von 500 hPa zeigt. Allerdings sind die Fehler von 500 hPa geopotentieller Höhe bei 3-Tages-Vorhersagen erheblich reduziert, und fĂŒr diese Vorlaufzeit hĂ€ngen die Vorhersagefehler mit physikalischen Prozessen entlang der Trajektorien zusammen. In einem neuen und einzigartigen Ansatz, der auf einer Kombination von Trajektorien aus Reanalysen und Vorhersagen basiert, wird festgestellt, dass 2-m-Temperaturfehler von 3-Tages-Vorhersagen hauptsĂ€chlich auf diabatische Prozesse in der planetaren Grenzschicht zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren sind. Bei Vorhersagen, die die 2-m-Temperatur unterschĂ€tzen, wird die diabatische ErwĂ€rmung entlang von Trajektorien zwischen 12 und 18 UTC erheblich unterschĂ€tzt. Der Temperaturfehler am Ort der Hitzewelle ist auf die planetare Grenzschicht beschrĂ€nkt und in der freien AtmosphĂ€re deutlich reduziert

    The Breathing City

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    Processes determining heat waves across different European climates

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    This study presents a comprehensive analysis of processes determining heat waves across different climates in Europe for the period 1979–2016. Heat waves are defined using a percentile‐based index and the main processes quantified along trajectories are adiabatic compression by subsidence and local and remote diabatic processes in the upper and lower troposphere. This Lagrangian analysis is complemented by an Eulerian calculation of horizontal temperature advection. During typical summers in Europe, one or two heat waves occur, with an average duration of five days. Whereas high near‐surface temperatures over Scandinavia are accompanied by omega‐like blocking structures at 500 hPa, heat waves over the Mediterranean are connected to comparably flat ridges. Tracing air masses backwards from the heat waves, we identify three trajectory clusters with coherent thermodynamic characteristics, vertical motions, and geographic origins. In all regions, horizontal temperature advection is almost negligible. In two of the three clusters, subsidence in the free atmosphere is very important in establishing high temperatures near the surface, while the air masses in the third cluster are warmed primarily due to diabatic heating near the surface. Large interregional differences occur between the British Isles and western Russia. Over the latter region, near‐surface transport and diabatic heating appear to be very important in determining the intensity of the heat waves, whereas subsidence and adiabatic warming are of first‐order importance for the British Isles. Although the large‐scale pattern is quasistationary during heat wave days, new air masses are entrained steadily into the lower troposphere during the life cycle of a heat wave. Overall, the results of the present study provide a guideline as to which processes and diagnostics weather and climate studies should focus on to understand the severity of heat waves

    Detection of dry snow using spaceborne microwave radiometer data

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    Snow monitoring on global scale is an important task considering the essential role of snow cover in the Earth’s climate and the scarcity of ground-based snow observations. Snow has distinctive, frequency-dependent characteristics in terms of microwave emission.This enables the use of brightness temperatures, as measured by spaceborne passive microwave sensors, not only for the estimation of snow cover extent (SCE) through (dry) snow detection, but also for the retrieval of snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE).Approaches for SWE retrieval, such as the methodology of the GlobSnow v3.0 SWE product, frequently implement dry snow detection as one of the main processing steps. Reliable dry snow detection is thus crucial, however, common algorithms are known to generally underestimate the presence of snow due to their sensitivity to vegetation and liquid water content of the snowpack, amongst other. Although several suggestions for improvement have been proposed, an extensive, long-term comparison has not been conducted. This thesis hence investigates six current dry snow detection algorithms and their intraseasonal performance in order to identify the most appropriate one for implementation in the GlobSnow SWE product. The aim is to improve the product which is primarily affected by underestimation during the snow accumulation period from September to February. The investigated algorithms are based on the brightness temperature difference involving primarily, but not exclusively, the 18/19-GHz and 37-GHz channels which are available for the SMMR, SSM/I and SSMIS instruments covering more than 40 years of observations. In addition to conventional daily snow masks, cumulative snow masks are investigated as a means to counteract underestimation. The assessment focuses on seasonal snow above 40° North, and is conducted for the snow seasons from 1979/1980 to 2017/2018 with reference to exhaustive, in situ snow depth data from multiple sources. In addition, spatially-complete SCE maps by the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System serve as reference from 2007/2008 to 2016/2017, in order to evaluate the detected snow cover extent as a whole. The results emphasise the potential of cumulative masks to counteract underestimation and increase detection accuracy, and highlight the benefit of discriminating between different scattering sources, that could otherwise be mistaken for snow. Two methods are found to be overall best-performing: the empirically-derived algorithm of the EUMETSAT H SAF H11 product (applicable to SMMR, SSM/I and SSMIS), and the decision tree published by Grody and Basist in 1996 (applicable to SSM/I and SSMIS). Promising accuracies with respect to in situ data are achieved using cumulative masks, reaching approximately 0.83 and 0.80 for the approaches of Grody and Basist and of the H SAF product, respectively. Implementing the H SAF algorithm into the GlobSnow SWE product is expected to lead to immediate improvements of the latter and is thus planned, though falls outside the scope of this thesis. Further investigation is required to adapt the approach of Grody and Basist to the whole long-term passive microwave data record including SMMR data

    Application of an object-based verification method to ensemble forecasts of 10‑m wind gusts during winter storms

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    The object-based method SAL (Structure, Amplitude and Location) was adapted for investigating the errors of forecasts of extreme 10‑m wind gusts associated with winter storms in Germany. It has been applied to a statistically downscaled version of the 51 member ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) operational ensemble forecast. The horizontal resolution of both downscaled data and of the German weather service's operational analysis data used for verification is 7 km. Forecast errors are subdivided in terms of storm intensity, location and extent. After identifying a set of storm events, objects of moderate and intense 10‑m wind gusts were identified with a local percentile-based threshold (90th percentile for moderate and 98th percentile for intense gust objects). Depending on the intensity of the storm, the gust objects differ in terms of size, shape and intensity. The characteristics of the ensemble forecasts of 10‑m wind gusts can basically be assessed in two different ways. Individual forecast members can be evaluated with respect to the location, intensity and extent of the gust field, and then address the ensemble characteristics by the score distributions. Alternatively, the gust fields' location, intensity and extent can be evaluated by directly using the ensemble mean forecast instead of the individual members. The results of the identified set of storms clearly indicate a high case-to-case variability in the predictability of 10‑m wind gusts objects, particularly when focusing on the structure of intense wind gust objects. It is found, that the gust fields' location and overall intensity can be better estimated from the ensemble mean forecast, compared to the individual forecast members. From a forecaster's perspective this means, that a storms' location and intensity can be well estimated by considering the ensemble mean wind forecasts. Considering the structure of the gust objects, results are different. While for longer lead times, there also seems to be a benefit from applying ensemble averaging, at short lead times the ensemble mean forecast performs equally or worse than most of the individual forecast members. The amplitude error is often the smallest component of the three error types. The findings are particularly relevant when deriving warning information, by giving guidance to forecasters when interpreting ensemble forecasts for severe storms

    A variable neurodegenerative phenotype with polymerase gamma mutation

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    mtDNA replication and repair, causes mitochondrial diseases including autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO),1 childhood hepato-encephalopathy (Alpers– Huttenlocher syndrome), adult-onset spinocerebellar ataxia, and sensory nerve degeneration with dysarthria and ophthalmoparesis (SANDO)

    Large-scale Rossby wave and synoptic-scale dynamic analyses of the unusually late 2016 heatwave over Europe

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    This paper analyses the late summer heatwave over Europe in 2016. Central, western and southwestern Europe were primarily affected by the high temperatures. Seville, Spain, for example, experienced the highest September temperature on record on 5 September 2016, reaching a maximum of 44.8°C, and temperatures in Trier, Germany reached 34.2°C on 13 September 2016. The heatwave was marked by three distinct peaks, accompanied by record‐breaking values for 500hPa geopotential heights and, to a lesser extent, 850hPa temperatures. These peaks were associated with the arrival of high‐amplitude Rossby wave packets in western Europe. The latter originated several days before the event over western North America. During the three peaks of the heatwave, subsidence and the ensuing adiabatic compression in the free atmosphere in combination with boundary layer processes, rather than local temperature advection, were instrumental in the occurrence of the extreme temperature episodes

    A Lagrangian analysis of upper-tropospheric anticyclones associated with heat waves in Europe

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    This study presents a Lagrangian analysis of upper-tropospheric anticyclones that are connected to surface heat waves in different European regions for the period 1979 to 2016. In order to elucidate the formation of these anticyclones and the role of diabatic processes, we trace air parcels backwards from the upper-tropospheric anticyclones and quantify the diabatic heating in these air parcels. Around 25 %–45 % of the air parcels are diabatically heated during the last 3 d prior to their arrival in the upper-tropospheric anticyclones, and this amount increases to 35 %–50 % for the last 7 d. The influence of diabatic heating is larger for heat-wave-related anticyclones in northern Europe and western Russia and smaller in southern Europe. Interestingly, the diabatic heating occurs in two geographically separated air streams; 3 d prior to arrival, one heating branch (remote branch) is located above the western North Atlantic, and the other heating branch (nearby branch) is located over northwestern Africa and Europe to the southwest of the target upper-tropospheric anticyclone. The diabatic heating in the remote branch is related to warm conveyor belts in North Atlantic cyclones upstream of the evolving upper-level ridge. In contrast, the nearby branch is diabatically heated by convection, as indicated by elevated mixed-layer convective available potential energy along the western side of the matured upper-level ridge. Most European regions are influenced by both branches, whereas western Russia is predominantly affected by the nearby branch. The remote branch predominantly affects the formation of the upper-tropospheric anticyclone, and therefore of the heat wave, whereas the nearby branch is more active during its maintenance. For long-lasting heat waves, the remote branch regenerates. The results from this study show that the dynamical processes leading to heat waves may be sensitive to small-scale microphysical and convective processes, whose accurate representation in models is thus supposed to be crucial for heat wave predictions on weather and climate timescales

    Improvement of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis after systemic treatment with rituximab in a patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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    Limbic encephalitis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by diverse neurologic symptoms including mnestic disturbances, hallucinations, and seizures as well as behavioral symptoms like depression, personality changes, and acute confusional states resembling dementia. Several antibodies have been described in the pathogenesis of limbic encephalitis. It is often a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, or Hodgkin's lymphoma among others. Here, we report a patient with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), presenting with otherwise unexplained neurologic symptoms consistent with limbic encephalitis. Despite intensive diagnostic procedures, no causing agent could be identified. Pleocytosis consisting of T cells was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We initiated anti-B-cell therapy with Rituximab for B-CLL with quick and durable resolution of symptoms. We speculate that disruption of interaction between autoreactive T and malignant B cells is responsible for the therapeutic effect of Rituximab
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