Expression of children of preschool age in a real-life environment

Ovaj rad bavi se likovnim izražavanjem djece prema sjećanju te stanju prema izravnom promatranju i crtanju u prirodnom okruženju. Cilj istraživanja je uvidjeti na koji način utječe likovno izražavanje prema promatranju u prirodnom okruženju na kvalitetu dječjeg likovnog izraza. Istraživanje razmatra postoje li i koje su razlike tijekom likovnog izražavanja djece u zatvorenome prostoru vrtića, a koje izvan njega. Istraživanje je provedeno u dječjem vrtiću “Trnoružica” s djecom starije odgojne skupine. Za potrebe ovoga istraživanja tijekom dva dana proučavano je dječje viđenje stvarnog prostora, njihova percepcija okoline u kojoj se nalaze. Prvoga dana djeca su se nalazila u sobi dnevnog boravka te crtala prema sjećanju, a tijekom drugoga dana djeca su u dvorištu školskoga vrtića crtala prema promatranju. Oba dana u radionici sudjelovalo je 20-tero djece predškolske dobi. Dječji su radovi prikupljeni i analizirani. Kvalitativnom analizom likovnih radova djece zaključeno je da se djeca kreativnije izražavaju crtajući prema sjećanju nego prema promatranju. Prema promatranju djeca crtaju strogo ono što vide, točnije ono što se nalazi ispred njih.The aim od this paper is to show the artistic expression of children according to their memory and observation abbility and drawing in the natural environment. The aim of the research was to find out how the visual expression by observation in the natural environment influences on the quality of children's artistic expression. The research considers the differencies between artistical expression in the outdoors and in the indoors. This research was carried out in the kindergarten "Trnoružica" with children from the older educational group. For the purpose of this research, children perception of the real space and their perception of the environment they are located in, were observed throughout two days. On the first day, children were in the kindergarten courtyard painting according to their observation, and on the second day, while in the kindergarten lounge room, children were supposed to paint the kindergarten according to their memory. Twenty children of preschool age participated in this research workshop on both days. The childrens works were collected and subsequently analyzed. The qualitative analysis of children's art works concluded that the children use their imagination more when drawing things by their memory as opposed to when drawing them while looking directly at them. When drawing while observing, children draw exactly what is in front of them

Expression of children of preschool age in a real-life environment

Ovaj rad bavi se likovnim izražavanjem djece prema sjećanju te stanju prema izravnom promatranju i crtanju u prirodnom okruženju. Cilj istraživanja je uvidjeti na koji način utječe likovno izražavanje prema promatranju u prirodnom okruženju na kvalitetu dječjeg likovnog izraza. Istraživanje razmatra postoje li i koje su razlike tijekom likovnog izražavanja djece u zatvorenome prostoru vrtića, a koje izvan njega. Istraživanje je provedeno u dječjem vrtiću “Trnoružica” s djecom starije odgojne skupine. Za potrebe ovoga istraživanja tijekom dva dana proučavano je dječje viđenje stvarnog prostora, njihova percepcija okoline u kojoj se nalaze. Prvoga dana djeca su se nalazila u sobi dnevnog boravka te crtala prema sjećanju, a tijekom drugoga dana djeca su u dvorištu školskoga vrtića crtala prema promatranju. Oba dana u radionici sudjelovalo je 20-tero djece predškolske dobi. Dječji su radovi prikupljeni i analizirani. Kvalitativnom analizom likovnih radova djece zaključeno je da se djeca kreativnije izražavaju crtajući prema sjećanju nego prema promatranju. Prema promatranju djeca crtaju strogo ono što vide, točnije ono što se nalazi ispred njih.The aim od this paper is to show the artistic expression of children according to their memory and observation abbility and drawing in the natural environment. The aim of the research was to find out how the visual expression by observation in the natural environment influences on the quality of children's artistic expression. The research considers the differencies between artistical expression in the outdoors and in the indoors. This research was carried out in the kindergarten "Trnoružica" with children from the older educational group. For the purpose of this research, children perception of the real space and their perception of the environment they are located in, were observed throughout two days. On the first day, children were in the kindergarten courtyard painting according to their observation, and on the second day, while in the kindergarten lounge room, children were supposed to paint the kindergarten according to their memory. Twenty children of preschool age participated in this research workshop on both days. The childrens works were collected and subsequently analyzed. The qualitative analysis of children's art works concluded that the children use their imagination more when drawing things by their memory as opposed to when drawing them while looking directly at them. When drawing while observing, children draw exactly what is in front of them

Biochemical Bone Turnover Markers: Significance in Patients with Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease, which is characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of the bone tissue, resulting in an increased risk of fracture. Since osteoporosis is today a disease with high incidence rate, the aim of this study was to determine a correlation between bone mass density (BMD) and concentration of biochemical bone turnover markers – deoxypyridinoline (DPD) as a marker of bone resorption, and osteocalcin (OC) as a marker of bone formation. The study included 70 women between 33 and 76 years of age. In all women BMD was measured by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) as a T-score. T-score was defined as the number of standard deviations of the bone mass density from the maximum bone mass density in young adults. According to T-score, patients were divided into three groups: patients with osteoporosis, patients with osteopenia and control group consisting of patients with normal T-score. DPD in urine and OC in serum were measured by a routine procedure. Results: a negative correlation between BMD and concentration of bone turnover marker was discovered. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis, with a P value <0.05 being considered significant. Although a negative correlation was discovered, we concluded that both procedures have a significant role in diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteoporosis

Biochemical Bone Turnover Markers: Significance in Patients with Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease, which is characterized by reduced bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of the bone tissue, resulting in an increased risk of fracture. Since osteoporosis is today a disease with high incidence rate, the aim of this study was to determine a correlation between bone mass density (BMD) and concentration of biochemical bone turnover markers – deoxypyridinoline (DPD) as a marker of bone resorption, and osteocalcin (OC) as a marker of bone formation. The study included 70 women between 33 and 76 years of age. In all women BMD was measured by Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) as a T-score. T-score was defined as the number of standard deviations of the bone mass density from the maximum bone mass density in young adults. According to T-score, patients were divided into three groups: patients with osteoporosis, patients with osteopenia and control group consisting of patients with normal T-score. DPD in urine and OC in serum were measured by a routine procedure. Results: a negative correlation between BMD and concentration of bone turnover marker was discovered. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis, with a P value <0.05 being considered significant. Although a negative correlation was discovered, we concluded that both procedures have a significant role in diagnosis and follow-up of patients with osteoporosis

Pregled savremenih saznanja o razvoju subjediničnih i rekombinantnih vakcina protiv virusa Newcastle bolesti živine

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of avian species and the causative agent of atypical fowl plague, a highly contagious and economically important disease characterized by high mortality rates and reduction of egg production. The HN and F proteins are the main targets for immune response to NDV. Vaccination of poultry with live and inactivated NDV vaccines is the most effective method of control and prevention of Newcastle disease, however due to their disadvantages, efforts are being invested into developing subunit vaccines. To this end, the NDV HN and/or F protein have been expressed using different viruses as vectors, but have also been expressed using transgenic plant systems, yeast and lactic acid bacteria in order to produce the NDV subunit vaccine. Many authors have investigated the possibility of preparation of vaccines from purified and biologically active NDV subunits with HN and F glycoproteins, purified from nucleocapsids, viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) and pyrogens. The above mentioned viral glycoproteins with preserved antigenic structure and biological activities can be used as subunit vaccinal antigens due to their immunogenic properties.Virus Newcastle bolesti je jedan od najznačajnijih patogena u populaciji ptica i domaće živine koji izaziva atipičnu kugu živine, kontagiozno oboljenje koje prati visoka stopa morbiditeta i mortaliteta, što ima za posledicu i velike ekonomske gubitke u živinarstvu. Glikoproteinski HN i F antigeni virusa atipične kuge živine su najznačajniji prilikom razvoja imunološkog odgovora prijemčivih jedinki. Vakcinacija živine živim i inaktivisanim vakcinama protiv virusa Newcastle bolesti predstavlja najefikasniji metod kontrole i prevencije navedenog oboljenja, međutim klasične vakcine imaju izvesne nedostatke i iz tog razloga se sve više istraživanja se usmerava na razvoj subjediničnih vakcina. U cilju razvoja subjediničnih vakcina u današnje vreme se za ekspresiju HN i F proteina virusa Newcastle bolesti koriste različiti vektori kao što su virusi, transgene biljke, kvasci i mlečnokiselinske bakterije. Pored toga, mnogi autori su ispitivali mogućnosti pripremanja subjediničnih vakcina od prečišćenih i biološki aktivnih subjedinica, odnosno HN i F glikoproteina pomenutog virusa, oslobođenih od nukleokapsida sa virusnom ribonukleinskom kiselinom (RNK) i pirogena. Virusni glikoproteini sa očuvanom antigenskom strukturom i biološkim aktivnostima se zbog svojih imunogenih svojstava mogu koristiti kao subjedinični vakcinalni antigeni

VARIETIES REGISTRATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

Priznavanje sorti poljoprivrednog bilja u Republici Hrvatskoj provodi se u Hrvatskoj Agenciji za poljoprivredu i hranu - Centru za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo u skladu sa Zakonom o sjemenu, sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 140/05, 35/08, 25/09, 124/10, 55/11 i 14/14), Pravilnikom o upisu sorti u Sortnu listu (NN 45/08, 84/08, 77/13, 136/15, 57/17, 70/18 i 75/19), Pravilnikom o priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog bilja (NN 99/08, 100/09, 109/10, 77/13 i 57/18) i Pravilnikom o postupku utvrđivanja različitosti, ujednačenosti i postojanosti novih biljnih sorti u svrhu dodjeljivanja oplemenjivačkog prava i priznavanja sorti (NN 61/11). Sortna lista Republike Hrvatske je službeni popis sorti vrsta bilja koje su priznate u Republici Hrvatskoj. Postupkom priznavanja sorte stječe se pravo upisa sorte u Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske, Zajedničku sortnu listu Zajednice i OECD listu. Trenutno je na Sortnoj listi Republike Hrvatske upisano 843 sorti poljoprivrednog bilja i povrća. Od osnivanja Centra za sjemenarstvo i rasadničarstvo (1998.) do danas je zaprimljeno 4.181 zahtjev za priznavanje za 103 biljne vrste. Od tog su broja priznate 2.409 sorti, 1.251 je povučeno iz ispitivanja, a 285 sorti nisu priznate. Za 8 sorti je odbačen zahtjev za priznavanje i 228 sorti se nalazi u postupku ispitivanja.Registration of varieties of agricultural plants is conducted in the Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food - Center for Seed and Seedlings in accordance with the The Act on Seeds, Planting Material and Registration of Varieties of Agricultural Plants (OG 140/05, 35/08, 25/09, 124/10, 55/11 and 14/14), The Ordinance on the Inclusion of Varieties in the National List of Varieties of Agricultural Plants (OG 45/08, 84/08, 77/13, 136/15, 57/17, 70/18 and 75/19), The Ordinance on the Registration of Varieties of Agricultural Plants (OG 99/08, 100/09, 109/10, 77/13 and 57/18) and The Regulations on the procedure and the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of new varieties of plants for the purpose of granting the Breeders’ Right (OG 61 / 11). The variety list of the Republic of Croatia is an official list of varieties of certain plant species registered in the Republic of Croatia. To become eligible for inclusion in the List of Varieties of the Republic of Croatia, The Common Catalogue of Varietie sand OECD list, a variety must be registered. Currently, 843 varieties of agricultural plants and vegetables are entered on The variety list of the Republic of Croatia. Since the establishment of the Center for Seedand Seedlings (1998), 4.181 applications for registration have been submitted for 103 plant species. Of that number, 2.409 varieties were registered, 1.251 were with drawn from testing and 285 varieties were not recognized. For 8 varieties, the Application for registration was rejected and 228 varieties are in the process of testing

Natural food supplements as carriers of nutrition quality, healthful potential and the sustainability of the product

Od davnina su ljudi hranu dobivali direktno iz prirode te je tek krajem 19-tog i početkom 20-tog stoljeća došlo do ekspanzijskog razvoja moderne industrije koja je razvojem novih tehnologija omogućila i razvoj velikog broja prehrambenih i farmaceutskih proizvoda. Ovaj razvoj utjecao je i na razvoj lijekova čime se potisnula filozofija „hrane kao lijeka“ gotovo jedno cijelo stoljeće. Zbog pojave mnogih bolesti tijekom 20-tog stoljeća, moderna industrija svoj razvoj ponovo počinje temeljiti na obogaćivanju hrane prirodnim dodatcima prehrani. Prepoznatljiv je trend proizvodnje "funkcionalne hrane", odnosno hrane koja posjeduje povoljno djelovanje na zdravlje uz pripadajuća nutritivna svojstva. Uočeno je da je dodavanjem začinskih i ljekovitih biljaka moguće poboljšati okus i miris hrane. Velik broj istraživanja dokazao je da i navedene skupine biljaka sadrže spojeve s izraženim baktericidnim i fungicidnim djelovanjem te, kao prirodni dodatci prehrani, sprječavanju kvarenje hrane i održivost namirnica. Pored toga, izuzetno su snažni antioksidanti. Uporaba prirodnih dodataka prehrani danas je izražena kroz sve tehnologije proizvodnje, a najviše u tehnologiji mesa i mesnih prerađevina, mliječnih i pekarskih proizvoda te kroz uporabu u jestivim ambalažnim filmovima i punilima u prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji. Dodavanjem začinskih i ljekovitih biljaka u različite vrste proizvoda možemo značajno unaprijediti nutritivnu kvalitetu te ljekoviti potencijal i održivost proizvoda.For centuries, people have received food directly from nature, and by the late 19th and early 20th century there was an expansion of the modern industry, which enabled the development of a large number of food and pharmaceutical products through the development of new technologies. This development has also influenced the development of drugs, which has suppressed the philosophy of "food as medicine" for almost a whole century. Due to the appearance of many illnesses during the 20th century, the modern industry is beginning to develop enriching food with natural nutritional supplements again. A well-known trend is the production of "functional food" or food that has a beneficial effect on health and the associated nutritional properties. It was noted that by adding spicy and medicinal plants it is possible to improve the taste and smell of food. A large number of studies have also shown that these groups of plants contain compounds with expressed bactericidal and fungicidal activity, as well as natural nutritional supplements to prevent food degradation and food sustainability. In addition, they are extremely powerful antioxidants. The use of natural nutritional supplements is now expressed in all production technologies, mostly in the meat and meat products technology, dairy and bakery products, and through the use of edible packaging films and fillers in the food and pharmaceutical industry. By adding species and medicinal plants to different types of products, it is possible to significantly improve the nutritional quality and the healing potential and sustainability of the product

Molekularna detekcija PrV, PPV i PCV2 kod svinja u Republici Crnoj Gori

The presence of pseudorabies virus (PrV), porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was examined in sixty samples (spleen and lymph nodes) and thirty samples of sacral ganglia collected from non-vaccinated swine by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using PCR method PrV was detected in three samples, PPV in seven samples and six samples were found positive for PCV2. The phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of three PrV isolates identified in this study showed high similarity and significant clustering within the PrV genotype I strains such as Kaplan and Bartha isolated from pigs in Hungary, strain Becker isolated in USA and strain Kolchis isolated in Greece. The nucleotide sequences of two PPV isolates showed high level of similarity with the strain Challenge isolated from pigs in UK, strain Kresse isolated in USA and strains 77 and LZ isolated in China. The phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences of two PCV2 isolates showed high level of similarity and significant clustering within genotype PCV2b strains such as NIVS-3, NIVS-5 and NIVS-6 isolated in Serbia, strain 3959 isolated in Austria, strain PM165 isolated from pigs in Brasil, and strain XT2008 isolated in China. The results of our study present the molecular characterization of PrV, PPV and PCV2 identified in swine in Republic of Montenegro. Besides that, these results confirmed that PCR is a very useful method for rapid detection of these viruses in subclinically infected swine.Primenom metode izolacije virusa i PCR metode, ukupno je ispitano devedeset uzoraka poreklom od svinja iz ekstenzivnog uzgoja iz različitih delova Crne Gore na prisustvo pseudorabijes virusa svinja (PrV), parvovirusa svinja (PPV) i svinjskog cirkovirusa 2 (PCV2). Primenom PCR metode prisustvo PrV je ustanovljeno kod tri uzorka, PPV kod sedam uzoraka, dok je prisustvo PCV2 utvrđeno kod šest uzoraka poreklom od svinja. Nukleotidne sekvence tri izolata PrV utvrđene u uzorcima poreklom od svinja koje su bile uključene u filogenetsku analizu su pokazale visok stepen sličnosti sa nukleotidnim sekvencama sojeva Kaplan i Bartha virusa izolovanih u Mađarskoj, zatim sa sekvencom soja Becker izolovanog u SAD-u i sekvencom soja Kolchis izolovanog u uzorcima poreklom od svinja u Grčkoj. Sva tri izolata su pripadala genotipu I pseudorabijes virusa. Nukleotidne sekvence dva izolata parvovirusa svinja su pokazale visok stepen sličnosti sa sekvencom soja Challenge izolovanog kod svinja u Velikoj Britaniji, zatim sekvencama soja Kresse izolovanog kod svinja u SAD-u i sojeva 77 i LZ izolovanih kod svinja u Kini. Filogenetska analiza nukleotidnih sekvenci dva PCV2 izolata je pokazala visok stepen sličnosti sa sojevima genotipa PCV2b kao što su NIVS-3, NIVS-5 i NIVS-6 izolovanim u Srbiji, sojem 3959 virusa izolovanim u Austriji i sojem PM165 virusa izolovanim u Brazilu i sojem XT2008 virusa izolovanim u Kini. Dobijeni rezultati ispitivanja pružili su uvid u molekularnu karakterizaciju sojeva virusa Aujeckijeve bolesti, svinjskog parvovirusa i svinjskog cirkovirusa 2 identifikovanih kod svinja u Crnoj Gori. Pored toga, dobijeni rezultati ispitivanja su potvrdili opravdanost korišćenja metode PCR u brzoj i pouzdanoj detekciji prethodno navedenih virusa kod supklinički inficiranih svinja

Overview of current advances in the development of subunit and recombinant vaccines against Newcastle disease virus

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of avian species and the causative agent of atypical fowl plague, a highly contagious and economically important disease characterized by high mortality rates and reduction of egg production. The HN and F proteins are the main targets for immune response to NDV. Vaccination of poultry with live and inactivated NDV vaccines is the most effective method of control and prevention of Newcastle disease, however due to their disadvantages, efforts are being invested into developing subunit vaccines. To this end, the NDV HN and/or F protein have been expressed using different viruses as vectors, but have also been expressed using transgenic plant systems, yeast and lactic acid bacteria in order to produce the NDV subunit vaccine. Many authors have investigated the possibility of preparation of vaccines from purified and biologically active NDV subunits with HN and F glycoproteins, purified from nucleocapsids, viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) and pyrogens. The above mentioned viral glycoproteins with preserved antigenic structure and biological activities can be used as subunit vaccinal antigens due to their immunogenic properties

Bioprospecting of Microalgae Isolated from the Adriatic Sea: Characterization of Biomass, Pigment, Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity

Marine microalgae and cyanobacteria are sources of diverse bioactive compounds with potential biotechnological applications in food, feed, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biofuel industries. In this study, five microalgae, Nitzschia sp. S5, Nanofrustulum shiloi D1, Picochlorum sp. D3, Tetraselmis sp. Z3 and Tetraselmis sp. C6, and the cyanobacterium Euhalothece sp. C1 were isolated from the Adriatic Sea and characterized regarding their growth kinetics, biomass composition and specific products content (fatty acids, pigments, antioxidants, neutral and polar lipids). The strain Picochlorum sp. D3, showing the highest specific growth rate (0.009 h−1), had biomass productivity of 33.98 ± 0.02 mg L−1 day−1. Proteins were the most abundant macromolecule in the biomass (32.83–57.94%, g g−1). Nanofrustulum shiloi D1 contained significant amounts of neutral lipids (68.36%), while the biomass of Picochlorum sp. D3, Tetraselmis sp. Z3, Tetraselmis sp. C6 and Euhalothece sp. C1 was rich in glycolipids and phospholipids (&gt;75%). The lipids of all studied microalgae predominantly contained unsaturated fatty acids. Carotenoids were the most abundant pigments with the highest content of lutein and neoxanthin in representatives of Chlorophyta and fucoxanthin in strains belonging to the Bacillariophyta. All microalgal extracts showed antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative E. coli and S. typhimurium and Gram-positive S. aureus