48 research outputs found

    Neuron-to-neuron wild-type Tau protein transfer through a trans-synaptic mechanism: relevance to sporadic tauopathies.

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    BACKGROUND: In sporadic Tauopathies, neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD) is characterised by the intraneuronal aggregation of wild-type Tau proteins. In the human brain, the hierarchical pathways of this neurodegeneration have been well established in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other sporadic tauopathies such as argyrophilic grain disorder and progressive supranuclear palsy but the molecular and cellular mechanisms supporting this progression are yet not known. These pathways appear to be associated with the intercellular transmission of pathology, as recently suggested in Tau transgenic mice. However, these conclusions remain ill-defined due to a lack of toxicity data and difficulties associated with the use of mutant Tau. RESULTS: Using a lentiviral-mediated rat model of hippocampal NFD, we demonstrated that wild-type human Tau protein is axonally transferred from ventral hippocampus neurons to connected secondary neurons even at distant brain areas such as olfactory and limbic systems indicating a trans-synaptic protein transfer. Using different immunological tools to follow phospho-Tau species, it was clear that Tau pathology generated using mutated Tau remains near the IS whereas it spreads much further using the wild-type one. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results support a novel mechanism for Tau protein transfer compared to previous reports based on transgenic models with mutant cDNA. It also demonstrates that mutant Tau proteins are not suitable for the development of experimental models helpful to validate therapeutic intervention interfering with Tau spreading

    Lentiviral delivery of the human wild-type tau protein mediates a slow and progressive neurodegenerative tau pathology in the rat brain.

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    Most models for tauopathy use a mutated form of the Tau gene, MAPT, that is found in frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) and that leads to rapid neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD). Use of a wild-type (WT) form of human Tau protein to model the aggregation and associated neurodegenerative processes of Tau in the mouse brain has thus far been unsuccessful. In the present study, we generated an original "sporadic tauopathy-like" model in the rat hippocampus, encoding six Tau isoforms as found in humans, using lentiviral vectors (LVs) for the delivery of a human WT Tau. The overexpression of human WT Tau in pyramidal neurons resulted in NFD, the morphological characteristics and kinetics of which reflected the slow and sporadic neurodegenerative processes observed in sporadic tauopathies, unlike the rapid neurodegenerative processes leading to cell death and ghost tangles triggered by the FTDP-17 mutant Tau P301L. This new model highlights differences in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathological processes induced by WT and mutant Tau and suggests that preference should be given to animal models using WT Tau in the quest to understand sporadic tauopathies

    Фильтрационная модель скального основания напорного гидроузла

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    Введение. Предложено создание фильтрационной модели основания гидроузла, по которой могут быть выполнены сложные проектные фильтрационные расчеты. Модель природной среды отличается от реальной природной среды тем, что характеризует только одну сторону природного объекта, в данном случае - фильтрационную способность. В предложенной фильтрационной модели скальное основание разделено на несколько инженерно-геологических расчетных элементов с разной водопроницаемостью. Это расчленение - сложная задача, поскольку значения коэффициента фильтрации для скального основания в целом имеют большой разброс, причем, зачастую, тесно соседствуют существенно разные значения. Предложено решение путем математико-статистического обобщения результатов массового фильтрационного опробования скального массива. Материалы и методы. Наиболее распространенным подходом построения модели является определение в точках массива гидравлическим способом откачек и нагнетаний воды в скважины, а также расчетный путь, когда коэффициент фильтрации массива рассчитывается по параметрам трещин. Материалом для построения инженерно-геологической фильтрационной модели служат данные стандартных массовых определений коэффициента фильтрации и удельного водопоглощения, полученные при изысканиях. Результаты. Одним из преимуществ предложенной фильтрационной модели скального основания гидроузла является форма и методика построения путем математико-статистического обобщения результатов массового фильтрационного опробования скального массива. По форме модель представляет собой принятые в проектно-изыскательском деле геологические разрезы основания плотины вдоль оси и по поперечникам. В дальнейшем развитие методики планируется с учетом современных средств программирования и представления модели в 3D форме. Содержание модели выражает геолого-генетическую оценку фильтрационной неоднородности, сформированной в ходе геологических процессов, протекавших в массиве основания. Выводы. Предложенная модель основания гидроузла может быть построена по результатам позонного фильтрационного опробования буровых скважин в отдельных точках массива горных пород. Сложная задача разделения массива основания на зоны с различной водопроницаемостью решается на основе геолого-генетического подхода в сочетании с математико-статистическим анализом. Практическая значимость данной фильтрационной модели в том, что с ее помощью могут быть запроектированы надежные гидротехнические сооружения с обеспечением устойчивости и минимизации фильтрационных потерь

    Simulation of the backscattered electron intensity of multilayer structure for the explanation of secondary electron contrast

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    The intensities of the secondary electrons (SE) and of the backscattered electrons (BSE) at energy 100 eV have been measured on a Ni/C/Ni/C/Ni/C/(Si substrate) multilayer structure by exciting it with primary electrons of 5, 2.5 and 1.25 keV energies. It has been found that both intensities similarly vary while thinning the specimen. The difference as small as 4 nm in the underlying layer thicknesses resulted in visible intensity change. Utilizing this intensity change, the thickness difference of neighboring regions could be revealed from the SE image. No simple phenomenological model was found to interpret the change of intensity, thus the intensity of the BSE electrons has been calculated by means of a newly developed Monte Carlo simulation. This code also considers the secondary electron generation and transport through the solid. The calculated and measured intensities agree well supporting the validity of the model

    The Inelastic Mean Free Path οf Electrons. Research in Budapest, Warsaw, Wrocław and Clermont-Ferrand. Brief History and New Results

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    The inelastic mean free path of electrons (IMFP) is an important material parameter for description of electron transport processes in solids. This parameter is particularly useful for quantifying the electron spectroscopies, in particular Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and elastic peak electron spectroscopy. In this work, a brief overview of the IMFP determination is presented. Generally, there are two groups of methods to determine the IMFP: (i) calculations using the theoretical model based on the experimental optical data, and (ii) calculations using theory relating the IMFP and the measured probability elastic electron backscattering from solids. Major advances in the development of the second group of methods were made in three laboratories; these advances are reviewed here. The elastic backscattering probability, in absolute or relative units, can be conveniently evaluated from the elastic peak intensity. However, much effort is needed to develop the theory for calculating the IMFP, which typically involves the Monte Carlo simulations of electron trajectories in solids. Presently, this theory and typical procedures of the spectra processing are implemented in the software package EPESWIN developed by Jablonski. In recent years, much attention is devoted to the phenomenon of the electron energy losses in the surface region of solids. Reliability of the theory of elastic backscattering is distinctly improved if this effect is taken into account
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