Modélisation Du Taux De Change Effectif A Madagascar (2008-2014)

Madagascar, en tant qu'île située dans l'océan Indien, est confrontée à des défis économiques particuliers étroitement liés à la stabilité de son taux de change effectif. Ce dernier, qui évalue la valeur de la monnaie malgache par rapport à un panier de devises pondéré en fonction des partenaires commerciaux, revêt une importance cruciale pour la santé globale de l'économie du pays. Plusieurs aspects soulignent le rôle fondamental de cette variable économique. En tant que nation en développement, Madagascar dépend fortement de ses échanges commerciaux internationaux pour son essor économique. Le taux de change effectif influence directement la compétitivité des produits malgaches sur les marchés mondiaux, impactant ainsi les recettes d'exportation et l'équilibre des paiements. Les fluctuations du taux de change peuvent également avoir des conséquences significatives sur l'inflation à Madagascar. Une dépréciation de la monnaie peut entraîner une hausse des prix des importations, affectant le coût de la vie et la stabilité économique. La stabilité du taux de change joue un rôle crucial dans l'attrait des investissements étrangers. Les investisseurs internationaux sont sensibles aux risques liés aux variations du taux de change, et une monnaie stable est essentielle pour maintenir un climat financier sain et encourager les flux d'investissements étrangers directs. Les autorités monétaires et fiscales malgaches utilisent fréquemment le taux de change effectif comme un instrument pour atteindre des objectifs macroéconomiques tels que la stabilisation des prix, la promotion des exportations et la gestion des déséquilibres commerciaux

Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis of Serum Samples following Curcuma longa Extract Supplementation in High-Fructose and Saturated Fat Fed Rats

International audienceWe explored, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics and fatty acids profiling, the effects of a common nutritional complement, Curcuma longa, at a nutritionally relevant dose with human use, administered in conjunction with an unbalanced diet. Indeed, traditional food supplements have been long used to counter metabolic impairments induced by unbalanced diets. Here, rats were fed either a standard diet, a high level of fructose and saturated fatty acid (HFS) diet, a diet common to western countries and that certainly contributes to the epidemic of insulin resistance (IR) syndrome, or a HFS diet with a Curcuma longa extract (1% of curcuminoids in the extract) for ten weeks. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) on the serum NMR profiles and fatty acid composition (determined by GC/MS) showed a clear discrimination between HFS groups and controls. This discrimination involved metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, pyruvate, creatine, phosphocholine/glycerophosphocholine, ketone bodies and gly-coproteins as well as an increase of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and a decrease of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although the administration of Curcuma longa did not prevent the observed increase of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and insulin levels, discriminating metabolites were observed between groups fed HFS alone or with addition of a Curcuma longa extract, namely some MUFA and n-3 PUFA, glycoproteins, glutamine, and methanol, suggesting that curcuminoids may act respectively on the fatty acid metabolism, the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway and alcohol oxidation. Curcuma longa extract supplementation appears to be beneficial in these metabolic pathways in rats. This metabolomic approach highlights important serum metabolites that could help in understanding further the metabolic mechanisms leading to IR

Hepatic metabolic effects of Curcuma longa extract supplement in high-fructose and saturated fat fed rats

International audienceThe metabolic effects of an oral supplementation with a Curcuma longa extract, at a dose nutritionally relevant with common human use, on hepatic metabolism in rats fed a high fructose and saturated fatty acid (HFS) diet was evaluated. High-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR and GC/MS in combination with multivariate analysis have been employed to characterize the NMR metabolite profiles and fatty acid composition of liver tissue respectively. The results showed a clear discrimination between HFS groups and controls involving metabolites such as glucose, glycogen, amino acids, acetate, choline, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and β-hydroxybutyrate as well as an increase of MUFAs and a decrease of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs. Although the administration of CL did not counteract deleterious effects of the HFS diet, some metabolites, namely some n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA, and betaine were found to increase significantly in liver samples from rats having received extract of curcuma compared to those fed the HFS diet alone. This result suggests that curcuminoids may affect the transmethylation pathway and/or osmotic regulation. CL extract supplementation in rats appears to increase some of the natural defences preventing the development of fatty liver by acting on the choline metabolism to increase fat export from the liver

¹H CPMG NMR spectrum of serum sample from rats fed with the HFS+C diet.

<p>Assignments: 1. lipids; 2. isoleucine; 3. leucine; 4. valine; 5. propylene glycol; 6. β-hydroxybutyrate; 7. lactate; 8. alanine; 9. lysine; 10. acetate; 11. glycoproteins (acetyl); 12. acetoacetate; 13. unknown; 14. glutamate; 15. pyruvate; 16. glutamine; 17. citrate; 18. creatine; 19. choline; 20. phosphocholine/glycerophosphocholine; 21. methanol; 22. alpha-glucose and beta-glucose; 23. cytidine; 24. tyrosine; 25. histidine; 26. phenylalanine; 27. formate.</p

Adrb3 adrenergic receptor is a key regulator of human myometrial apoptosis and inflammation during chorioamnionitis1

The pathophysiology underlying preterm labor triggered by inflammatory conditions such as chorioamnionitis remains largely unclear. It has already been suggested that beta-3 adrenergic (ADRB3) agonists might be of interest in the pharmacological management of preterm labor. Although there is evidence implicating ADRB receptors in the control of inflammation, there are minimal data relating specifically to ADRB3. To explore the cellular consequences of chorioamnionitis and detect apoptosis, we first performed immunostaining and Western blot experiments on human myometrial samples obtained from women with confirmed chorioamnionitis. We then developed an in vitro model of chorioamnionitis by incubating the myometrial samples obtained from uncomplicated pregnancies with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We observed that chorioamnionitis was associated with a significant increase in cleaved CASP3 protein expression, as well as chromatin condensation, which were reproduced experimentally by LPS stimulation (10 mu g/ml, 48 h). Lipopolysaccharide stimulation of normal human myometrium also induced CASP3 transcripts, increased the proapoptotic marker BAX, and decreased the antiapoptotic marker BCL2. Lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis was antagonized by neutralization of secreted tumor necrosis factor by a specific antibody. Furthermore, LPS stimulation increased medium culture levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL8. Lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and cytokine production were prevented by the new and potent ADRB3 agonist SAR150640 in a concentration-dependent manner. SAR150640 by itself did not exhibit any effect on apoptosis or cytokine production in control tissues. This study shows that chorioamnionitis is associated with apoptosis of human myometrial cells. it emphasizes the potential therapeutic interest of ADRB3 agonists in the field of preterm labor and other inflammatory conditions

Adrb3 adrenergic receptor is a key regulator of human myometrial apoptosis and inflammation during chorioamnionitis1

The pathophysiology underlying preterm labor triggered by inflammatory conditions such as chorioamnionitis remains largely unclear. It has already been suggested that beta-3 adrenergic (ADRB3) agonists might be of interest in the pharmacological management of preterm labor. Although there is evidence implicating ADRB receptors in the control of inflammation, there are minimal data relating specifically to ADRB3. To explore the cellular consequences of chorioamnionitis and detect apoptosis, we first performed immunostaining and Western blot experiments on human myometrial samples obtained from women with confirmed chorioamnionitis. We then developed an in vitro model of chorioamnionitis by incubating the myometrial samples obtained from uncomplicated pregnancies with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We observed that chorioamnionitis was associated with a significant increase in cleaved CASP3 protein expression, as well as chromatin condensation, which were reproduced experimentally by LPS stimulation (10 mu g/ml, 48 h). Lipopolysaccharide stimulation of normal human myometrium also induced CASP3 transcripts, increased the proapoptotic marker BAX, and decreased the antiapoptotic marker BCL2. Lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis was antagonized by neutralization of secreted tumor necrosis factor by a specific antibody. Furthermore, LPS stimulation increased medium culture levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL6) and IL8. Lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis and cytokine production were prevented by the new and potent ADRB3 agonist SAR150640 in a concentration-dependent manner. SAR150640 by itself did not exhibit any effect on apoptosis or cytokine production in control tissues. This study shows that chorioamnionitis is associated with apoptosis of human myometrial cells. it emphasizes the potential therapeutic interest of ADRB3 agonists in the field of preterm labor and other inflammatory conditions

Results of serum biochemical analysis after 10 weeks of diet.

<p>Relative liver weight is defined as liver weight divided by body weight. Values are mean ± S.E.M (n = 6–12 rats/group).</p><p>*P < 0.05 vs. the control</p><p>**P < 0.01 vs. the control.</p><p>Results of serum biochemical analysis after 10 weeks of diet.</p

PCA score plot of the serum samples from Control, HFS and HFS+C groups.

<p>PCA score plot of the serum samples from Control, HFS and HFS+C groups.</p

Significantly differential metabolites in the rat serum of control, HFS and HFS+C group.

<p>The serum metabolites that contributed significantly to the discrimination between the different diets in the OPLS-DA model from the ¹H NMR data. ↑ (or ↓) denotes the relative increased (or decreased), followed by fold change in metabolite level (p < 0.05). The levels were calculated from relative intensities of ¹H NMR spectra following spectral normalization.</p><p>Significantly differential metabolites in the rat serum of control, HFS and HFS+C group.</p

Fatty acid composition of serum.

<p>Relative fatty acid composition (% of total) and estimated desaturase activities in serum of rats fed control, HFS and HFS+C diets. Values are mean ± S.E.M (n = 6–12 rats/group). Samples were measured in duplicate. ∑ SFA total saturated fatty acids, ∑ PUFA total polyunsaturated fatty acids, ∑ MUFA total monounsaturated fatty acids, Δ estimated desaturase activity.</p><p>^a significantly different from control group</p><p>^b significantly different from HFS group; after multiple comparison tests and Bonferroni adjustment of the significance level.</p><p>Fatty acid composition of serum.</p