Comparative transcriptomic analysis of plum fruit treated with 1-MCP

Microarray technology has allowed the large scale transcriptomic analysis of fruit ripening. The μPEACH1.0 microarray containing 4,806 probes corresponding to genes expressed in peach fruit tissues has been used in a heterologous fashion in two studies of plums ripening behavior. Gene expression of different cultivars of plums treated with the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored for short periods at room temperature or for longer periods of cold storage was examined. In the first study, mature fruit of a suppressed ethylene climacteric cultivar 'Shiro' and a cultivar characterized by a typical increase of ethylene production during ripening ('Santa Rosa') were harvested and incubated for 24h in air (control) or 1-MCP and allowed to ripen at room temperature. Different levels of transcripts of genes implicated in cell wall metabolism, hormone (ethylene and auxin) regulation, stress and defense, and in the transcription/translation machinery, as well as others involved with ripening were identified. In the second study, the effects of 1-MCP on gene expression in relation to the development of chilling injury (CI) in the climacteric cultivars 'Ruby Red' (RR) and 'October Sun' (OS) and 'Zee Lady' peaches (ZP) were analyzed. The fruit were treated for 24h at room temperature with 1-MCP prior to storage at 0°C. For RR, there was no significant effect of 1-MCP on the level of CI symptoms, while 1-MCP significantly reduced CI symptoms in OS fruit and an increase of CI in treated ZP fruit. Microarray analysis showed that immediately following treatment, 186, 134 and 56 genes were differentially expressed between the control and 1-MCP-treated fruit of these cultivars, respectively: after 4 weeks cold storage, 311, 52 and 224 genes for RR, OS and ZP, respectively, were differentially expressed between control and treated fruit. Thus, for OS, the number of differentially expressed genes reduced during storage while the number increased in RR and ZP. Comparisons of the data suggest that the transcript profile is altered by 1-MCP more in plums than peaches. These studies, carried out within an international collaborative network, will increase our understanding of the regulation of pathways involved in plum fruit ripening and in metabolic processes related to storage and shelf lif

IMPIEGO DI TECNICHE NON DISTRUTTIVE PER LA DETERMINAZIONE DELLA QUALITA’ DEI FRUTTI DI ACTINIDIA.

La qualità dei frutti di Actinidia deliciosa (cv. Hayward) viene normalmente definita sulla base del contenuto in solidi solubili (SSC). Infatti, l’accordo interprofessionale stabilisce che la raccolta non possa avere inizio prima che i SSC abbiano raggiunto il valore di 6,2 °Brix, mentre la commercializzazione deve avvenire non prima di 9,5 °Brix. La durezza della polpa (FF), invece, assume importanza durante la frigoconservazione: infatti, all’uscita dalle celle è necessario che i frutti abbiano un valore di almeno 3 Kg/cm2 al fine di consentire trasporto, manipolazione e adeguata shelf-life nei banchi vendita della distribuzione. Poiché tali parametri non sono sempre stati in grado di garantire adeguati livelli di qualità dei frutti, negli ultimi anni è stata aggiunta la determinazione del contenuto in sostanza secca (DM), preso a prestito dal protocollo “kiwistart” neozelandese proposto 5 anni fa circa. La bontà di tale parametro è però ancora da valutare pienamente nelle nostre condizioni colturali. Inoltre, le determinazioni sopra citate prevedono la distruzione dei frutti esaminati, limitando di conseguenza la rappresentatività del campione esaminato rispetto all’intera partita. Negli ultimi anni, sono stati sperimentate ed impiegate in alcune realtà pratiche strumentazioni NIRs per la valutazione non distruttiva della qualità organolettica dei frutti di actinidia. Tuttavia, oltre a richiedere calibrazione talora complesse e laboriose, queste strumentazioni vengono utilizzate per determinare gli stessi parametri (SS, durezza della polpa e sostanza secca) misurabili con le strumentazioni tradizionali e non apportando quindi nessun valore aggiunto. Presso il Dipartimento di Colture arboree dell’Università di Bologna è stata recentemente realizzata una strumentazione NIRs semplificata (DA-METER). Tali strumentazioni determinano con precisione lo stadio di maturazione “complessivo” del frutto attraverso un indice basato sulla differenza di assorbanza a specifiche lunghezze d’onda (DA). L’indice DA correla con i parametri normalmente utilizzati (SSC, FF,DM), con i mutamenti della colorazione della polpa dei frutti. Queste strumentazioni consentono quindi, in campo, di verificare le differenze di maturazione fra frutti inseriti nelle diverse parti della chioma e di stabilire il momento più opportuno di raccolta; in magazzino, di verificare l’omogeneità di maturazione delle partite e di stabilire la più opportuna la strategia di frigoconservazione. Si riportano qui alcuni risultati ottenuti su cultivar appartenenti alle due specie principali (Actinidia deliziosa e Actinidia chinensis)

L'analisi del trascrittoma indica che i giasmonati ritardano la maturazione nei frutti di pesco

Con la presente ricerca si vogliono approfondire i meccanismi molecolari attraverso i quali i JA influenzano le fasi finali dello sviluppo e della maturazione del frutto. Alo scopo piante di nettarina sono state trattate con MJ (100ppm) e PDJ (50ppm) 21 gg prima della raccolta (tree-ripe). I frutti sono stati campionati a vari tempi dopo il trattamento e analizzati per i parametri di crescita e di qualità e molecolari. Una seconda raccolta è stata effettuata sette giorni dopo la prima. Sono stati misurati la crescita dei frutti, l'emissione di etilene, la durezza ed il contenuto di solidi solubili. Inoltre sono stati valutati i livelli di trascritto di numerosi geni tramite analisi northern, RT-PCR e real-time RT-PCR. Inoltre è stata effettuata, tramite microarray upeach1.0 (Trainotti et al., 2006), un'analisi comparativa del trascrittoma alla maturazione nei frutti trattati con MJ rispetto a quelli di controllo

Transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in nectarine (Prunus persica) by a set of R2R3 MYB transcription factors

Background Flavonoids such as anthocyanins, flavonols and proanthocyanidins, play a central role in fruit colour, flavour and health attributes. In peach and nectarine (Prunus persica) these compounds vary during fruit growth and ripening. Flavonoids are produced by a well studied pathway which is transcriptionally regulated by members of the MYB and bHLH transcription factor families. We have isolated nectarine flavonoid regulating genes and examined their expression patterns, which suggests a critical role in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Results In nectarine, expression of the genes encoding enzymes of the flavonoid pathway correlated with the concentration of proanthocyanidins, which strongly increases at mid-development. In contrast, the only gene which showed a similar pattern to anthocyanin concentration was UDP-glucose-flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT), which was high at the beginning and end of fruit growth, remaining low during the other developmental stages. Expression of flavonol synthase (FLS1) correlated with flavonol levels, both temporally and in a tissue specific manner. The pattern of UFGT gene expression may be explained by the involvement of different transcription factors, which up-regulate flavonoid biosynthesis (MYB10, MYB123, and bHLH3), or repress (MYB111 and MYB16) the transcription of the biosynthetic genes. The expression of a potential proanthocyanidin-regulating transcription factor, MYBPA1, corresponded with proanthocyanidin levels. Functional assays of these transcription factors were used to test the specificity for flavonoid regulation. Conclusions MYB10 positively regulates the promoters of UFGT and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) but not leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR). In contrast, MYBPA1 trans-activates the promoters of DFR and LAR, but not UFGT. This suggests exclusive roles of anthocyanin regulation by MYB10 and proanthocyanidin regulation by MYBPA1. Further, these transcription factors appeared to be responsive to both developmental and environmental stimuli

On the role of ethylene, auxin and a GOLVEN-like peptide hormone in the regulation of peach ripening

BACKGROUND: In melting flesh peaches, auxin is necessary for system-2 ethylene synthesis and a cross-talk between ethylene and auxin occurs during the ripening process. To elucidate this interaction at the transition from maturation to ripening and the accompanying switch from system-1 to system-2 ethylene biosynthesis, fruits of melting flesh and stony hard genotypes, the latter unable to produce system-2 ethylene because of insufficient amount of auxin at ripening, were treated with auxin, ethylene and with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), known to block ethylene receptors. The effects of the treatments on the different genotypes were monitored by hormone quantifications and transcription profiling. RESULTS: In melting flesh fruit, 1-MCP responses differed according to the ripening stage. Unexpectedly, 1-MCP induced genes also up-regulated by ripening, ethylene and auxin, as CTG134, similar to GOLVEN (GLV) peptides, and repressed genes also down-regulated by ripening, ethylene and auxin, as CTG85, a calcineurin B-like protein. The nature and transcriptional response of CTG134 led to discover a rise in free auxin in 1-MCP treated fruit. This increase was supported by the induced transcription of CTG475, an IAA-amino acid hydrolase. A melting flesh and a stony hard genotype, differing for their ability to synthetize auxin and ethylene amounts at ripening, were used to study the fine temporal regulation and auxin responsiveness of genes involved in the process. Transcriptional waves showed a tight interdependence between auxin and ethylene actions with the former possibly enhanced by the GLV CTG134. The expression of genes involved in the regulation of ripening, among which are several transcription factors, was similar in the two genotypes or could be rescued by auxin application in the stony hard. Only GLV CTG134 expression could not be rescued by exogenous auxin. CONCLUSIONS: 1-MCP treatment of peach fruit is ineffective in delaying ripening because it stimulates an increase in free auxin. As a consequence, a burst in ethylene production speeding up ripening occurs. Based on a network of gene transcriptional regulations, a model in which appropriate level of CTG134 peptide hormone might be necessary to allow the correct balance between auxin and ethylene for peach ripening to occur is proposed. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-016-0730-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Comparative transcriptomic analysis of plum fruit treated with 1-MCP

Microarray technology has allowed the large scale transcriptomic analysis of fruit ripening. The μPEACH1.0 microarray containing 4,806 probes corresponding to genes expressed in peach fruit tissues has been used in a heterologous fashion in two studies of plums ripening behavior. Gene expression of different cultivars of plums treated with the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and stored for short periods at room temperature or for longer periods of cold storage was examined. In the first study, mature fruit of a suppressed ethylene climacteric cultivar ‘Shiro’ and a cultivar characterized by a typical increase of ethylene production during ripening (‘Santa Rosa’) were harvested and incubated for 24h in air (control) or 1-MCP and allowed to ripen at room temperature. Different levels of transcripts of genes implicated in cell wall metabolism, hormone (ethylene and auxin) regulation, stress and defense, and in the transcription/translation machinery, as well as others involved with ripening were identified. In the second study, the effects of 1-MCP on gene expression in relation to the development of chilling injury (CI) in the climacteric cultivars ‘Ruby Red’ (RR) and ‘October Sun’ (OS) and ‘Zee Lady’ peaches (ZP) were analyzed. The fruit were treated for 24h at room temperature with 1-MCP prior to storage at 0°C. For RR, there was no significant effect of 1-MCP on the level of CI symptoms, while 1-MCP significantly reduced CI symptoms in OS fruit and an increase of CI in treated ZP fruit. Microarray analysis showed that immediately following treatment, 186, 134 and 56 genes were differentially expressed between the control and 1-MCP-treated fruit of these cultivars, respectively: after 4 weeks cold storage, 311, 52 and 224 genes for RR, OS and ZP, respectively, were differentially expressed between control and treated fruit. Thus, for OS, the number of differentially expressed genes reduced during storage while the number increased in RR and ZP. Comparisons of the data suggest that the transcript profile is altered by 1-MCP more in plums than peaches. These studies, carried out within an international collaborative network, will increase our understanding of the regulation of pathways involved in plum fruit ripening and in metabolic processes related to storage and shelf life

Physical activity education in case of individuals with 2nd type diabetes mellitus

Title: Physical activity education in case of individuals with 2nd type diabetes mellitus Objectives: The main objective of the thesis was to demonstrate the positive impact of regular and long-term physical activity education on metabolic parameters and physical fitness on individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: For the research were chosen by physician four probands, who underwent survey using a standardized questionnaire IPAQ short version. Further testing was performed using walk physical performance test according to Stejskal, in which the heart rate was monitored with sporttester evaluation and laboratory parameters supplied by the diabetic clinic (blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, lipid spectrum - HDL, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides). Production of results was done using statistical data analysis and graphical analysis shown in collaboration with the laboratory of sports motor skills FTVS UK, others the results are displayed in tables. Results: Education of physical activity is important for DM2T especially in the area of increasing physical fitness. In the output test, better results were reached than in the test input. During the three-month exercise intervention were not made significant changes in anthropometric parameters. Also not been reached even positive changes in..