Interaction of the Laws of Electrodynamics in the Huber Effect

A complex physical phenomenon, first discovered by engineer J. Huber in 1951, is investigated. From the perspective of an external observer, the phenomenon is as follows: an electric current is passed through the wheel pairs of the car moving from the rail to the rail. The current, passing through the movable contacts of the wheels and rails, creates an additional (up to the moment of inertia) torque. The research task is to explain the reason for the occurrence of torque. Based on the analysis of individual components of the electrodynamic phenomenon discovered by Huber, an algorithm for the successive interaction of the individual components of the effect is found on the basis of the laws of classical electrodynamics: electric, ferromagnetic, and mechanical.The identity of the effect is explained, both for the wheel pair and for the bearing (Kosyrev-Milroy engine). For the first time, the cause of the appearance of the torque is revealed: relative movement of surface charges in the region of the movable electrical contact to the wheel body and the rails (or balls and guides). Moving charges unevenly magnetized ferromagnetic bodies according to the Biot-Savart-Laplace law. Due to the reduction in the clearance of the oncoming side of the wheel (or balls) and the increase on the trailing side, the pulling force from the oncoming side and, accordingly, the moment are more than on trailing side. The presented theoretical explanations completely correspond to the experimental investigation of the effect carried out by different scientists at different times

INTERACTION OF THE LAWS OF ELECTRODYNAMICS IN THE HUBER EFFECT

A complex physical phenomenon, first discovered by engineer J. Huber in 1951, is investigated. From the perspective of an external observer, the phenomenon is as follows: an electric current is passed through the wheel pairs of the car moving from the rail to the rail. The current, passing through the movable contacts of the wheels and rails, creates an additional (up to the moment of inertia) torque. The research task is to explain the reason for the occurrence of torque. Based on the analysis of individual components of the electrodynamic phenomenon discovered by Huber, an algorithm for the successive interaction of the individual components of the effect is found on the basis of the laws of classical electrodynamics: electric, ferromagnetic, and mechanical. The identity of the effect is explained, both for the wheel pair and for the bearing (Kosyrev-Milroy engine). For the first time, the cause of the appearance of the torque is revealed: relative movement of surface charges in the region of the movable electrical contact to the wheel body and the rails (or balls and guides). Moving charges unevenly magnetized ferromagnetic bodies according to the Biot-Savart-Laplace law. Due to the reduction in the clearance of the oncoming side of the wheel (or balls) and the increase on the trailing side, the pulling force from the oncoming side and, accordingly, the moment are more than on trailing side. The presented theoretical explanations completely correspond to the experimental investigation of the effect carried out by different scientists at different times

“Captured Crisis”: C. Reygadas’s Cinematography at the Crossroads of Cultural Paradigms

This article examines the work of the Mexican filmmaker Carlos Reygadas. The representative of the new auteur cinema, the developing direction of “slow cinema”, he is the exponent of those social and cultural problems on which the attention of European directors of the first third of the 21st century is focused. The example of Reygadas’ films shows the changes that society has undergone in recent decades in the transition from the postmodern to the metamodern culture. The interdisciplinary approach to the study of his work is designed to more fully reveal the ideological and thematic orientation of the films and to illuminate the cultural and historical process of the first decades of the 21st century, which will constitute the novelty of the study. Based on the ideas of T. Vermeulen and R. van den Akker that the metamodern seeks to remove the contradictions between different art movements, past and present cultures, the author of the article attempts to demonstrate how this trend manifested itself in the work of Reygadas. At the same time, the reference to the mythology of Mesoamerica and the “philosophy of liberation” of Latin America shows that Vermeulen and van den Akker’s concept of culture transformation through the resolution of contradictions reflects the situation of a crisis in which modern society is involved. In the director’s films, this is reflected in the inability of the individual to make contact with the Other and the reality around them. Moreover, the films of the 2000s showed an attempt to get out of the former social and cultural paradigm, but by the end of the 2010s, the problem of interpersonal relations was not resolved, and reality acquired the status of “elusive”. This allows us to draw a preliminary conclusion that society is still in a state of a crisis, experiencing a change of cultural formations, and the transition from postmodernism to metamodernism cannot be considered a completed process

Analysis of theoretical and experimental studies of the Huber effect

The explanation of the Huber effect given in work [11] completely describes the results of experimental researches. This effect is a result of the charge formation in the contact region. The emerged charges, when moving relatively to ferromagnetic objects, magnetize the wheels (balls) and the guides locally and asymmetrically. As a result, the attraction between the wheels (balls) and the guides is stronger on the front side and, in addition to the dynamical momentum M3, creates an additional torque. The growth of the current increases the charges and the torque.Розглянуто iсторiю теоретико-експериментальнi дослiдження фiзичного явища, яке виникає в рухомих колiсних чи пiдшипникових парах за наявностi електричного струму в контактах колiс чи кульок з направляючими (ефект Ж. Губера).The history of theoretical and experimental researches of a physical phenomenon that emerges in moving wheel or bearing pairs, when an electric current flows through the contacts between the wheels or balls and their guides (the Huber effect) has been reviewed

Идентификация нелинейных статических зависимостей с динамики электротехнических систем

Розглянуто застосування методу побудови нелінійних статичних залежностей в нелінійних динамічних електротехнічних об’єктах з метою оптимізації режимів їх функціонування. Метод побудови містить дві складові: 1) визначення непараметричної моделі статичної нелінійності з довільної динаміки об’єкта з подальшою кусково-аналітичною її ідентифікацією; 2) об’єднання часткових моделей у повну з використанням аналітичних у всьому діапазоні селективних функцій замість неаналітичних сигнум-функцій. Наведено ряд прикладів використання запропонованої методики для ідентифікації та оптимізації електротехнічних об’єктів: генератора і двигуна постійного струму як ланки системи автоматичного керування та сонячної батареї.This article describes the application of the method of constructing the static nonlinear dependencies in dynamic electrical objects to optimize their functioning. The method of construction includes two components: 1) determining the non-parametric model of the static nonlinearity with arbitrary object dynamics, followed by its piecewise analytical identification; 2) the integration of individual models into the complete model using selective functions analytic in the entire range instead of non-analytic signum functions. A number of examples were presented of using the proposed methodology for the identification and optimization of electrical facilities: the generator and DC motor as the part of the automatic control system and the solar panel.Рассмотрено применение метода построения нелинейных статических зависимостей в нелинейных динамических электротехнических объектах с целью оптимизации режимов их функционирования. Метод построения включает в себя две составляющие: 1) определение не параметрической модели статической нелинейности с произвольной динамики объекта с последующей кусочно-аналитической ее идентификацией; 2) объединение частных моделей в полную с использованием аналитических во всем диапазоне селективных функций вместо неаналитических сигнум-функций. Приведен ряд примеров использования предложенной методики для идентификации и оптимизации электротехнических объектов: генератора и двигателя постоянного тока как звена системы автоматического управления и солнечной батареи

Dual-In/Out strategy for genes integration into bacterial chromosome: a novel approach to step-by-step construction of plasmid-less marker-less recombinant E. coli strains with predesigned genome structure

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The development of modern producer strains with metabolically engineered pathways poses special problems that often require manipulating many genes and expressing them individually at different levels or under separate regulatory controls. The construction of plasmid-less marker-less strains has many advantages for the further practical exploitation of these bacteria in industry. Such producer strains are usually constructed by sequential chromosome modifications including deletions and integration of genetic material. For these purposes complex methods based on <it>in vitro </it>and <it>in vivo </it>recombination processes have been developed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here, we describe the new scheme of insertion of the foreign DNA for step-by-step construction of plasmid-less marker-less recombinant <it>E. coli </it>strains with chromosome structure designed in advance. This strategy, entitled as Dual-In/Out, based on the initial Red-driven insertion of artificial φ80-<it>attB </it>sites into desired points of the chromosome followed by two site-specific recombination processes: first, the φ80 system is used for integration of the recombinant DNA based on selective marker-carrier conditionally-replicated plasmid with φ80-<it>attP</it>-site, and second, the λ system is used for excision of inserted vector part, including the plasmid <it>ori</it>-replication and the marker, flanked by λ-<it>attL/R</it>-sites.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The developed Dual-In/Out strategy is a rather straightforward, but convenient combination of previously developed recombination methods: phages site-specific and general Red/ET-mediated. This new approach allows us to detail the design of future recombinant marker-less strains, carrying, in particular, rather large artificial insertions that could be difficult to introduce by usually used PCR-based Recombineering procedure. The developed strategy is simple and could be particularly useful for construction of strains for the biotechnological industry.</p

Technical Report on critical concentrations for drug susceptibility testing of isoniazid and the rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine)

The critical concentrations for culture-based phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) to first-line anti-TB drugs have been revised by the the World Health Organization (WHO). Critical concentrations for rifampicin have been lowered while those for isoniazid have been maintained at the present level. This update helps address the discordance observed between phenotypic and molecular methods to detect rifampicin resistance and improves the accuracy of DST. As a result patients with TB will have a more accurate diagnosis. This document is the outcome of a Technical Expert Group meeting convened by WHO in 2020 to assess the results of a systematic review of published literature on critical concentrations for DST of the most important first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and the rifamycins (rifampicin, rifabutin and rifapentine). These critical concentrations had not been revised since 2008. New evidence over the past decade showed that critical concentrations used for phenotypic methods to detect rifampicin resistance may incorrectly classify strains with certain mutations. The following media were considered: Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ), Middlebrook 7H10 (7H10), Middlebrook 7H11 (7H11) and BACTEC™ Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tube™ 960 (MGIT). Guidance has been provided to resolve discordance between genotypic and phenotypic results for these drugs and areas for further research have been highlighted. DST methods continue to have a very important role to identify resistance not detected by molecular assays and to support the interpretation of molecular assays results. However, they require sophisticated laboratory infrastructure, qualified staff and strict quality assurance procedures.Peer reviewe

Application of the bacteriophage Mu-driven system for the integration/amplification of target genes in the chromosomes of engineered Gram-negative bacteria—mini review

The advantages of phage Mu transposition-based systems for the chromosomal editing of plasmid-less strains are reviewed. The cis and trans requirements for Mu phage-mediated transposition, which include the L/R ends of the Mu DNA, the transposition factors MuA and MuB, and the cis/trans functioning of the E element as an enhancer, are presented. Mini-Mu(LR)/(LER) units are Mu derivatives that lack most of the Mu genes but contain the L/R ends or a properly arranged E element in cis to the L/R ends. The dual-component system, which consists of an integrative plasmid with a mini-Mu and an easily eliminated helper plasmid encoding inducible transposition factors, is described in detail as a tool for the integration/amplification of recombinant DNAs. This chromosomal editing method is based on replicative transposition through the formation of a cointegrate that can be resolved in a recombination-dependent manner. (E-plus)- or (E-minus)-helpers that differ in the presence of the trans-acting E element are used to achieve the proper mini-Mu transposition intensity. The systems that have been developed for the construction of stably maintained mini-Mu multi-integrant strains of Escherichia coli and Methylophilus methylotrophus are described. A novel integration/amplification/fixation strategy is proposed for consecutive independent replicative transpositions of different mini-Mu(LER) units with “excisable” E elements in methylotrophic cells

Updating the approaches to define susceptibility and resistance to anti-tuberculosis agents: implications for diagnosis and treatment

11 páginas, 2 figuras, 1 tablaInappropriately high breakpoints have resulted in systematic false-susceptible AST results to anti-TB drugs. MIC, PK/PD and clinical outcome data should be combined when setting breakpoints to minimise the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance.I. Comas was supported by PID2019-104477RB-I00 from the Spanish Science Ministry and by ERC (CoG 101001038)Peer reviewe