The Relationship between Fungal Growth Rate and Temperature and Humidity

In order to determine the relation among the three factors of wood fiber decomposition rate, mycelial elongation and moisture resistance, our team resorted to the Monod equation and the modified Logistic equation. Combing with the kinetic principle and the law of mass action, the equations between the decomposition rate of wood fiber, the elongation rate of mycelium and the moisture resistance were established. In the course of solving the model, we found that when the temperature ranges from 24℃ to 28℃ and the relative humidity from 60% to75%, the growth rate of fungi is the fastest

Sex-related responses in rhizosphere processes of dioecious Populus cathayana exposed to drought and low phosphorus stress

Extensive research has shown that dioecious plants exhibit sexual dimorphism under extreme environments. However, sex-specific differences in responses to drought, phosphorus (P) shortage or their combination are less known. In our study, impacts of drought, P shortage and their combination on the performance of Populus cathayana males and females were investigated. Drought and P deficiency caused a greater negative impact on female growth than on male growth. P application ameliorated the more negative effect of drought on the shoot dry matter accumulation and P concentration in male leaves, while smaller effects were observed in females. The concentration of citrate in the rhizosphere of males was higher under drought combined with P application than under adequate water availability, and the increase was greater in males than in females. Males also showed a higher abundance of main soil microbial groups, including bacteria, actinomycetes, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and Gram+ and Gram- bacteria in the rhizosphere, resulting in a more resistant microhabitat. In contrast, the abundance of bacteria and AMF was less in the rhizosphere of females exposed to stress conditions, while saprophytic fungi increased significantly. P enhanced drought resistance more in stress-resistant males but less in females under relatively severe drought stress. Increased drought resistance by P in males might be associated with greater plasticity in rhizosphere processes when compared with females.Peer reviewe

Rhizosphere microbe populations but not root traits induced by drought in Populus euphratica males

Funding Information: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U1803231). Publisher Copyright: © 2023, Higher Education Press.How sex-related root traits and soil microbes and their interactions respond to drought remains unclear. Here, we investigated how fine root traits and the composition of rhizosphere microbial communities in Populus euphratica females and males respond to drought in concert in 17-year-old plantations. Females increased specific root length (SRL) in response to drought. However, males showed no changes in their roots but significant increases in arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal biomass and population of Gram-negative bacteria in the rhizosphere. Also, fungal symbiotroph communities associated with root systems in males differed from those in females under drought. We further demonstrated that the Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria ratios positively correlated with the SRL, while fungi to bacteria ratios were negatively correlated. Meanwhile, the relative abundance of symbiotrophs was negatively correlated with the SRL, while saprotroph abundance was positively correlated. Nevertheless, the relative abundance of symbiotrophs was positively correlated with the root carbon content (RCC). These findings indicate that microbial responses to drought depend highly upon the sex of the plant and microbial group and are related to root trait adjustments to drought. This discovery also highlights the role of plant-microbial interactions in the ecosystems of P. euphratica forest plantations.Peer reviewe

Revealing interactions between root phenolic metabolomes and rhizosphere bacterial communities in Populus euphratica plantations

How the root metabolic profiles and rhizosphere bacterial communities of dioecious plants respond to soil properties and sex identity is largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed root phenolic metabolomes and rhizosphere bacterial microbiomes of Populus euphratica females and males in two P. euphratica plantations with different soil properties to reveal the relative importance of soil and sex effects, and to decipher associations of certain phenolic compounds with specific bacterial taxa. We found that the relative abundances of bacterial OTUs and phenolic metabolites were closely linked to soil properties and sex identity. Soil is the main filter influencing the root phenolic metabolic profiles and rhizosphere bacterial communities of P. euphratica, while sexes and their interactions with soil properties are secondary factors. Differences in the diversity and evenness of phenolic metabolites were affected by plant sex, but not by soil properties. Conversely, the diversity and evenness of bacterial communities were affected by soil properties independent of plant sex. A multiple regression model indicated the presence of associations between root phenolic metabolites and specific soil bacteria taxa. Furthermore, all bacterial phyla and families correlated with at least one phenolic metabolite. Especially, both Nitrosomonadaceae and Cytophagaceae positively correlated with salicylic acid. Thus, our study provides new insights into the ecological mechanism that maintains rhizosphere bacterial communities in P. euphratica plantations in the desert area.Peer reviewe

Sex-specific strategies of phosphorus (P) acquisition in Populus cathayana as affected by soil P availability and distribution

Soil phosphorus (P) availability and its distribution influence plant growth and productivity, but how they affect the growth dynamics and sex-specific P acquisition strategies of dioecious plant species is poorly understood. In this study, the impact of soil P availability and its distribution on dioecious Populus cathayana was characterized. P. cathayana males and females were grown under three levels of P supply, and with homogeneous or heterogeneous P distribution. Females had a greater total root length, specific root length (SRL), biomass and foliar P concentration under high P supply. Under P deficiency, males had a smaller root system than females but a greater exudation of soil acid phosphatase, and a higher colonization rate and arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal biomass, suggesting a better capacity to mine P and a stronger association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to forage P. Heterogeneous P distribution enhanced growth and root length density (RLD) in females. Female root proliferation in P-rich patches was related to increased foliar P assimilation. Localized P application for increasing P availability did not enhance the biomass accumulation and the morphological plasticity of roots in males, but it raised hyphal biomass. The findings herein indicate that sex-specific strategies in P acquisition relate to root morphology, root exudation and mycorrhizal symbioses, and they may contribute to sex-specific resource utilization patterns and niche segregation.Peer reviewe

Wind speed prediction performance based on modal decomposition method

As wind energy and other renewable energy sources are valued by various countries, it is very important to estimate and predict the wind energy level. The accuracy of wind energy prediction mainly depends on the accuracy of wind speed prediction. Therefore, to seek ways of improvement the accuracy of wind speed prediction has become the most important issue. In this paper, three different decomposition methods and commonly used wind speed prediction methods are used to compose the corresponding combined models, and to study which combined prediction model has higher accuracy. According to data research conducted by the National Meteorological Science Center, experiments show that the prediction accuracy of the combined prediction model using the Variational mode decomposition (VMD) method is higher than that of the combined prediction model using empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD)

The In-Situ Stress Analysis of Casing Damage Wells in the Sixth Middle District Based on Kriging Interpolation Method

Casing damage is a common engineering problem, the causes of which mainly include two aspects: geological factors and engineering factors. In this paper, the application of the data of logging and hydraulic fracturing gives the calculation model of stress in three directions in the sixth middle district, and have an interpolation calculation on the in-situ stress data in the casing damage wells based on the Kriging interpolation method, and then have a study on the casing damage problems of the sixth middle district in Karamay oil field from the perspective of the in-situ stress. The results show that: the triangular nose anticlinal structure of the sixth middle district which is influenced by tectonic stress obviously is typical non-uniform loading zone; the horizontal stress is the biggest, the ratio of the two horizontal stress is 1.58, which is the major cause of the casing diameter shrinkage. According to the characteristics of the horizontal stress which is too big and the non-uniform load, it is proposed to abandon the conventional design methods of casing string in uniform load, using the non-uniform loading conditions to design, which lays the foundation for secure and stable development of the sixth middle district reservoir

Broadleaf trees mediate chemically the growth of Chinese fir through root exudates

Tree performance in mixed-species forest plantations is ultimately the net result of positive and negative interactions among species. Despite increasing knowledge of interspecific interactions, relatively little is known about the chemical mechanisms mediating such interactions. We constructed mixed planting systems with two species including Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) and broadleaf species Cinnamomum camphora L. Presl, Elaeocarpus decipiens Hemsl, Liquidambar formosana Hance, or Michelia macclurei Dandy. Based on a series of manipulative experiments, we investigated the performance of Chinese fir and analyzed root placement patterns and the composition of main soil microbial groups. The broadleaf trees influenced the growth of Chinese fir roots more than the growth of shoots. Furthermore, C. camphora roots released allelochemicals into the soil environment, resulting in growth inhibition of Chinese fir and changes in main soil microbial groups. However, when grown with E. decipiens and M. macclurei, the growth of Chinese fir was consistently promoted. It responded by enhancing its root growth and altering root behavior, resulting in a shift from growth inhibition to chemical facilitation. These positive inter-specific interactions also stimulated changes in the composition of soil microbes. Complementary experiments indicated that non-toxic signaling molecules in the root exudates of E. decipiens and M. macclurei may be responsible for mediating positive root-root interactions and regulating the composition of main soil microbial groups. Thus, our study demonstrated that broadleaf species chemically mediate the growth of Chinese fir through root exudates. Such a novel mechanism offers many implications and applications for reforestation programs undertaken to rehabilitate forest plantations that suffer from declining productivity related to densely planted monocultures.Peer reviewe

Effects of Flotage on Immersion Indentation Results of Bone Tissue: An Investigation by Finite Element Analysis

In reality, nanoindentation test is an efficient technique for probing the mechanical properties of biological tissue that soaked in the liquid media to keep the bioactivity. However, the effects of flotage imposed on the indenter will lead to inaccuracy when calculating mechanical properties (for instance, elastic modulus and hardness) by using depth-sensing nanoindentation. In this paper, the effects of flotage on the nanoindentation results of cortical bone were investigated by finite element analysis (FEA) simulation. Comparisons of nanoindentation simulation results of bone samples with and without being soaked in the liquid media were carried out. Conclusions show that the difference of load-displacement curves in the case of soaking sample and without soaking sample conditions varies widely based on the change of indentation depth. In other words, the nanoindentation measurements in liquid media will cause significant error in the calculated Young’s modules and hardness due to the flotage. By taking into account the effect of flotage, these errors are particularly important to the accurate biomechanics characterization of biological samples