Demilitarization of the Russian Front after World War I

Submitted: 20.01.2023. Accepted: 18.01.2024.Поступила в редакцию: 20.01.2023. Принята к печати: 18.01.2024.Статья посвящена проблеме демилитаризации Русского фронта после Первой мировой войны. Под демилитаризацией понимается комплекс процессов, связанных с физической трансформацией военного ландшафта и преодолением токсичного наследия войны: освобождение пространства от присутствия регулярных армий, военного имущества и военных сооружений, а также от влияния таких специфических практик войны, как интоксикация почвы, загрязнение воды, заболачивание лесов и полей, уничтожение лесных массивов. Цель исследования — выявить институты и механизмы демилитаризации и демобилизации русской армии в 1917–1918 гг. Теоретической рамкой работы являются экологическая история и постколониальные исследования, которые позволяют рассматривать демилитаризацию через призму взаимодействия с окружающей средой и понять ее особенности в бывших имперских границах. Основными источниками работы стали материалы российских военных архивов, позволяющие реконструировать механизмы демобилизации и практики демилитаризации Русского фронта. Автор приходит к выводу, что создание институтов демобилизации происходило в три этапа, с мая 1917 г. до мая 1918 г.: первые из них были созданы Ставкой в мае и дополнены в ноябре 1917 г., однако относительно «рабочие» институты демобилизации возникли в декабре и были связаны с большевистскими аппаратными преобразованиями. Если во время войны демилитаризация (очищение окопов и окружающего их пространства от последствий влияния удушливых газов, ассенизация, рекультивация почвы, сбор оружия с полей сражений) практиковалась как средство сохранения боеспособности армии, то хаотичная демобилизация заслонила эти экологические вопросы банальными проблемами транспортировки и сохранности военного имущества. Континуальный характер демилитаризации бывшего Русского фронта позволяет говорить о его ремилитаризации уже с лета 1918 г.This article examines the demilitarization of the Russian Front after World War I. Demilitarization is understood as complex processes associated with the physical transformation of the war landscape and overcoming the toxic legacy of war: freeing the space from the presence of regular armies, military property, and military installations, as well as from the impact of specific war practices such as soil intoxication, water pollution, waterlogging of forests and fields, and deforestation. The aim of this study is to examine the institutions and mechanisms of demilitarization and demobilization of the Russian army in 1917–1918. The theoretical framework of this study draws on environmental history and postcolonial studies that allow the author to consider demilitarization through the prism of interaction with the environment and to understand its features in the former imperial boundaries. The paper works with materials of the Russian military archives, which help reconstruct the mechanisms of demobilization and the practices of demilitarization of the Russian Front. The author concludes that demobilization institutions were created in three stages, from May 1917 to May 1918: the first ones were established by the Stavka in May and supplemented in November 1917, but relatively “functional” demobilization institutions emerged in December and were associated with the Bolshevik administrative transformations. Whereas during the war demilitarization (clearing trenches and their surroundings of the effects of suffocating gases, sanitation, soil reclamation, and collecting weapons from battlefields) was practiced to preserve the army’s fighting ability, chaotic demobilization obscured these environmental issues with trivial problems of transportation and preservation of military property. The continental nature of the demilitarization of the former Russian Front makes it possible to speak of its remilitarisation as early as the summer of 1918.Исследование выполнено при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований, проект № 21-59-14003 «Великая война и антропоцен: токсичное наследие империй и трансформация окружающей среды в Центральной и Восточной Европе».The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant 21-59-14003 “Great War and the Anthropocene: ‘Imperial Debris’ and Environmental Change in Central-Eastern Europe”

Noble family Boutorovs in the XIX century (materials of genealogical research)

The article is devoted to the history of the Boutorovs in the XIX early XX century. The paper examines the basis for granting them the nobility, reconstructs the family tree, and traces the social and economic aspects of family history (education, service, land ownership). The research methodology is based on historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods that allow conducting genealogical research, tracing changes in the social and economic status of the family, and understanding how typical they were for the Russian nobility. The sources of the research were archival and published ego-documents of the Boutorovs, act materials and heraldic documents preserved in the Syzran branch of the CGASO and the RGIA. The authors conclude that the history of the Boutorovs was typical of the noble families that grew out of the official environment. Not having a large income, the Boutorovs were twice able to acquire an estate: the first was purchased, the other was given as a dowry. Both estates were economically profitable when the owners were actively engaged in them, and successfully adapted to the new economic conditions. Atypical for the capitals noble families was the departure of the Boutorovs to the province to an estate that was previously part of the efficient farms in the Middle Volga region. However, this did not lead to the loss of horizontal ties with influential court circles, but rather strengthened them, thanks to successful studies in prestigious educational institutions of the younger generation. The Boutorovs was in relationship with famous noble families such as Davydovs, Tatischevs, Khomyakovs, Bestuzhevs, Polivanovs; they was well received in the best capital living rooms, and also was presented to the court. The expansion of knowledge about this noble family makes it possible to clarify both social and economic aspects of the nobility of the late Russian Empire

Perception of Russian Politics in Galicia in Diaries and Memoirs of World War I Participants

The problem of perception of Russian politics in Galicia during the First World War by participants in military operations is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of modern society in historical sources of personal origin. The novelty is determined by a wide corpus of diaries and memoirs of participants in hostilities, un-published archival ego-documents introduced into scientific circulation. Based on new sources, the actions of the Russian authorities and the army in Galicia in 1914—1916 are interpreted. Plots are revealed that are not recorded by officials in official documents. Unjustified decisions of the local administration, bureaucratic confusion and arbitrariness are analyzed. The degree of influence of official Russian propaganda on the position of combatants and Galicians is determined in the study. Different points of view among Russian society on the organization of governance in Galicia and the national and confessional policy pursued there are revealed. The diaries and memoirs of the combatants made it possible to look at the events that took place in Galicia from the perspective of an eyewitness, shedding light on the features of everyday life, both of the local civilian population, and of military units, and of the medical service who found themselves in the conquered territories

Effect of one family of Ti3Ni4 precipitates on shape memory effect, superelasticity and strength properties of the B2 phase in high-nickel [001]-oriented Ti-51.5 at.%Ni single crystals

Abstract. In this study, we investigated the effect of the number of Ti3Ni4 particle variants (obtained via stress-free and stress-assisted aging at 823 K for 1 hour) on the shape memory effect, superelasticity, and strength properties of the B2-phase in high-nickel [001]-oriented Ti-51.5 at.% Ni single crystals. Four crystallographically equivalent variants of lenticular Ti3Ni4 particle with the {111}B2 habit plane and a diameter of 250–300 nm were obtained via stress-free aging. Aged under an applied compressive stress of 150 MPa along the direction, single crystals contain predominantly one variant of Ti3Ni4 particle, forming plane-parallel plates with lengths from 1 to 5 μm. The oriented arrangement of semi-coherent Ti3Ni4 particles leads to the formation of long-range stress fields, an increase of 23 K in the martensitic transformation (MT) starting temperature Ms, the induction of a two-way shape memory effect, and a decrease of 200 MPa in the stress required to obtain the maximum reversible strain (1.5–1.7%) during cooling/heating cycles compared to stress-free aged single crystals. The number of variants of Ti3Ni4 particle determines the mechanism of the formation of B19'-martensite and the strength properties of the B2-phase (1600 MPa in stress-assisted aged crystals and 2100 MPa in stress-free aged crystals)

The higher school of economics projects in Samara in 1890s — 1920th (on the question of institutional components of industrialization in Russia)

Тагирова Наиля Фаридовна, доктор исторических наук, профессор, директор Института теоретической экономики и международных экономических отношений, Самарский государственный экономический университет (г. Самара, Россия). E-mail: [email protected] Жердева Юлия Александровна, кандидат исторических наук, доцент, Самарский государственный экономический университет (г. Самара, Россия). E-mail: [email protected] Сумб урова Елена Ивановна, кандидат исторических наук, доцент, Самарский государственный экономический университет (г. Самара, Россия). E-mail: [email protected] N. F. Tagirova, [email protected] Yu. A. Zherdeva, [email protected] E. I. Sumburova, [email protected] Samara State University of Economics, Samara, Russian FederationВ статье на основе архивных материалов раскрываются особенности формирования высшего экономического образования в Самарской губернии в конце XIX — первой трети XX в. Рассмотрены вопросы зависимости темпов складывания высшей экономической школы в Самаре от экономического развития региона и страны в целом, востребованности высшего коммерческого образования местными хозяйственными и административными кругами. Выявлены этапы формирования высшего экономического образования в Самаре и определены их особенности. Проанализирована дискуссия о коммерческом образовании среди экономической и политической элиты губернии, демонстрирующая сложившиеся в губернии институциональные условия появления высшей школы. Показано стремление местной власти рассматривать коммерческое образование в регионе как источник расширения экономического влияния Самарской губернии на весь Юго-Восточный край. Авторы делают вывод о том, что создание высшей экономической школы в Самаре зависело не столько от местных институциональных условий, сколько от готовности и возможностей центральной власти включиться в новую технологическую революцию. The article is based on the archival documents that shows specific features of the higher economic education projects in the Samara region at the end of 19th — the first third of the 20th century. It also shows the dependence of growth rate of the higher economic school organization in Samara from the relevance of the higher commercial education in the local economic groups and administrative circles. The authors explore three stages of the higher economic education in Samara. The article analyzes the discussion about commercial education among economic and political elite of the region that shows the institutional conditions of emergence of the higher school in the province. The article considers the aspiration of local government to make commercial education as a source of expansion of economic influence of the Samara on all Southeast region. Authors draw a conclusion that the higher school of economics projects in Samara mostly depends on new technological revolution and consideration of the central power than on local institutional conditions

The shape memory effect and superelasticity in [001]-oriented NiFeGaCo single crystals in dependence on cobalt concentration

In this work, the martensitic transformation (MT), shape memory effect (SME) and superelasticity (SE) on [001]-oriented single crystals of Ni44Fe19Ga27Co10, Ni39Fe19Ga27Co15 and Ni34Fe19Ga27Co20 (at %) alloys were investigated. The cobalt content determined any observation of thermal-induced thermoelastic B2-L10 MT and the level of minimum critical stresses necessary to form L10-martensite. Ni44Fe19Ga27Co10 single crystals demonstrated thermal-induced B2-L10 MT, low resistance of the B2-matrix to stress-induced B2-L10 MT, which was observed at 25 MPa, a wide SE temperature range from 263 to 473 K and narrow stress hysteresis of 20–50 MPa. An increase in the cobalt content to 15 at % led to the strain glass transition upon cooling and heating instead of B2-L10 MT and an increase in the critical stresses of L10-martensite formation up to 300 MPa. In Ni39Fe19Ga27Co15 single crystals SE was observed up to 350 K with a narrow stress hysteresis of 20–50 MPa. In Ni34Fe19Ga27Co20 single crystals, no thermal-induced or stress-induced MTs were found and in the temperature interval from 200 to 500 K only plastic deformation of the B2 phase occurred

Shape memory effect in TiNi single crystals with thermal-induced martensite transformation or strain glass transition

In present work, we investigated the thermoelastic B2-B19' martensitic transformations in thermocycles under constant stress, σapp, (ε(Т) curves) and in loading/unloading cycles (σ(ε) curves) in quenched [001]-oriented single crystals of Ti-50.7 at%Ni and Ti-51.7 at%Ni alloys. Single crystals undergo either thermal-induced В2-В19' martensitic transformation (Ti-50.7 at%Ni) or strain glass transition (Ti-51.7 at%Ni), depending on their chemical composition. The transformation type defines the morphology of a martensite during cooling under stress. In Ti-50.7 at%Ni alloys during stress-assisted cooling the morphology is the mix of self-accommodation martensite and oriented martensite. In opposite, in Ti-51.7 at%Ni alloys the morphology consists of oriented martensite only. The following parameters in stress-assisted cooling/heating cycles are determined by transformation type and morphology of a martensite: the minimal stress, σmin, for oriented martensite formation; the coefficient dεfor/dσ that defines the strain dependence on stress, εfor(σapp), and the presence of additional stage in the dependence Msσ(σapp). Similar in loading/unloading cycles the transformation type defines the energy barrier that should be overcome in order to start the stress-induced martensitic transformation, and, so, the stress level, σcr(Ms0)