Matrizielle Panjer-Rekursion für zusammengesetzte Verteilungen

Die Panjer-Rekursion wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit verallgemeinert auf den Fall, dass die Verteilung der Schadensanzahl durch eine Folge von Vektoren gegeben ist. Es wird ein diskretes Risikomodell untersucht

Matrizielle Panjer-Rekursion für zusammengesetzte Verteilungen

Die Panjer-Rekursion wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit verallgemeinert auf den Fall, dass die Verteilung der Schadensanzahl durch eine Folge von Vektoren gegeben ist. Es wird ein diskretes Risikomodell untersucht

Matrizielle Panjer-Rekursion für zusammengesetzte Verteilungen

Die Panjer-Rekursion wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit verallgemeinert auf den Fall, dass die Verteilung der Schadensanzahl durch eine Folge von Vektoren gegeben ist. Es wird ein diskretes Risikomodell untersucht

Effects of low dietary cation-anion difference induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion on performance, serum, and urine metabolites of lactating dairy cows

Objective The objective of the present study was to determine ammonium chloride tolerance of lactating dairy cows, by examining effects of negative dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion on performance, serum and urine minerals, serum metabolites and enzymes of lactating dairy cows. Methods Four primiparous lactating Chinese Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were infused with increasing amounts (0, 150, 300, or 450 g/d) of ammonium chloride in a crossover design. The DCAD of the base diet was 279 mEq/kg dry matter (DM) using the DCAD formula (Na + K – Cl – S)/kg of DM. Ammonium chloride infusion added the equivalent of 0, 128, 330, and 536 mEq/kg DM of Cl in treatments. According to the different dry matter intakes (DMI), the resulting actual DCAD of the four treatments was 279, 151, −51, and −257 mEq/kg DM, respectively. Results DMI decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat, and milk protein decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Concentrations of milk protein and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Concentration of Cl− in serum increased linearly and concentration of PO43- in serum increased quadratically as DCAD decreased. Urine pH decreased linearly and calculated urine volume increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Linear increases in daily urinary excretion of Cl−, Ca2+, PO43−, urea N, and ammonium were observed as DCAD decreased. Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transferase in serum and urea N concentration in serum increased linearly as DCAD decreased. Conclusion In conclusion, negative DCAD induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion resulted in a metabolic acidosis, had a negative influence on performance, and increased serum enzymes indicating potential liver and kidney damage in lactating dairy cows. Daily ammonium chloride intake by lactating dairy cows should not exceed 300 g, and 150 g/d per cow may be better

Additional file 1 of Metabolic syndrome increases osteoarthritis risk: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study

Additional file 1: Supplementary 1. Risk of osteoarthritis according to metabolic syndrome and components. Supplementary 2. Associations of genetic risk with OA. Supplementary 3. Sensitive analysis lag for 4 years