Modélisation en champ proche de l’interaction entre sol et bloc rocheux

The prediction of boulder trajectory and the design of protection structures are particularly two main interests of rockfall engineering. The prediction of boulder trajectory largely depends on the bouncing of the boulder, and the design of protection structures, such as embankments, are closely related to the impact force on the boulder.Based on this background, the thesis deals with the interaction between a boulder and a granular medium as well as the bouncing of a boulder on a granular medium, through numerical modelling based on discrete element method. The objective of the thesis is to identify and quantify the mechanisms that governs the bouncing of boulder and the load transfer inside the impacted medium. The main contents include three parts: DEM modelling of the impact process, global bouncing of the boulder and micromechanical behaviour of the impacted medium.The classical contact law implemented with rolling resistance to consider particle shape effects calibrated based on quasi-static triaxial tests is used to model the dynamic impact process. The boulder is modelled as a single sphere with an incident velocity, the medium is modelled as an assembly composed of poly-disperse spherical particles. The numerical impact modelling is validated in terms of impact force, impact duration, penetration depth by experiments from literature.Bouncing of the boulder is investigated together with the energy propagation process inside the impacted medium. The strength of the medium during impact is represented by elastic strain energy, while the strength of the medium is not persistent since the increase of elastic strain energy is followed by the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation, as well as the decrease of the coordination number. Boulder's bouncing occurrence obtained based on 3D simulations shows that three impact regimes exist, which is consistent with the results of citet{Bourrier_2008}. In addition, comparison between 2D and 3D bouncing occurrence diagrams shows that the positions and shapes of bouncing occurrence diagrams shift due to the different strength and energy dissipation properties. Based on the two aspects of investigations, the relation between the bouncing of the boulder and the energy propagation inside the medium is discussed.The micromechanical behaviour of the impacted system is investigated by focusing on force chain mechanisms. The force chain network in the impacted medium is characterized based on particle stress information. The aim is to find the role of force chains in the strength and the microstructure of the medium. Investigations of the impact force on the boulder by impacting samples composed of different grain sizes shows that sample composed of big grains resulting in a larger impact force, longer force chains compared with the medium thickness, and large percentage of long age force chains. In addition, the spatial and temporal distribution of force chains are investigated and the results show that the strength of the medium under impact is built by chain particles located between the boulder and the bottom boundary, and the force chain propagation in the lateral direction of the medium plays a secondary role. Moreover, the investigation of force chain buckling mechanisms indicates that, triggered by the relative movements between the chain particles, the increase of buckling number is related to the decrease of impact force on the boulder as well as the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation inside the medium.La prédiction de trajectoire de bloc et la conception de structures de protection sont deux des questions principales de l'ingénierie des chutes de pierres. La prédiction de la trajectoire d'un bloc dépend en grande partie des rebonds de ce bloc tandis que la conception de structures de protection, comme des remblais, est étroitement liée à la force d'impact sur le bloc.En se basant sur ce contexte, la thèse traite aussi bien de l'interaction entre un bloc et un milieu granulaire que des rebonds d'un bloc sur un milieu granulaire, en utilisant une modélisation numérique par la méthode des éléments discrets. L'objectif de la thèse est d'identifier et de mesurer les mécanismes qui contrôlent le rebond du bloc et le transfert de charge à l'intérieur du milieu impacté. Le contenu principal comprend trois parties: la modélisation DEM du processus d'impact, le rebond du bloc et le comportement micromécanique du milieu impacté.La loi de contact classique est utilisée pour modéliser le processus d'impact. Elle est mise en œuvre avec une résistance aux roulements pour considérer les effets de forme des particules et est calibrée par des tests triaxiaux quasi-statiques. Le bloc est modélisé par une sphère avec une vitesse d'incident tandis que le milieu est modélisé par un assemblage de particules sphériques poly-dispersées. La modélisation numérique de l'impact est validé en termes de force d'impact, de durée d'impact et de profondeur de pénétration par des expériences de la littérature.Le rebond du bloc et le processus de propagation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu impacté sont examinés ensemble. La résistance du milieu pendant l'impact est représentée par l'énergie de tension élastique. La résistance du milieu n'est pas constante car l'augmentation d'énergie de tension élastique est suivie par l'augmentation d'énergie cinétique, la dissipation d'énergie et par la diminution du nombre de coordination. L'occurrence du rebond du bloc obtenue avec des simulations 3D montre que trois régimes d'impact existent, ce qui est en accord avec les résultats de citet{Bourrier_2008}. De plus, la comparaison entre les diagrammes d'occurrence de rebond 2D et 3D montre que les positions et les formes des diagrammes d'occurrence de rebond changent en raison de résistances et de dissipations d'énergie différentes. En se basant sur les deux aspects de l'étude, la relation entre le rebond du bloc et la propagation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu est discutée.Le comportement micromécanique du système impacté est examiné en se focalisant sur les mécanismes des chaînes de force. Le réseau de chaînes de force dans le milieu impacté est caractérisé à partir des tensions entre les particules. L'objectif est d'identifier le rôle des chaînes de force dans la force d'impact sur le bloc et dans la microstructure du milieu. En étudiant la force d'impact sur le bloc avec des impacts sur des échantillons de grains de tailles différentes montre que l'échantillon composé de grands grains a une plus grande force d'impact, des chaînes de force plus longues comparées à l'épaisseur du milieu ainsi qu'un grand pourcentage de chaînes de force avec une longue durée de vie. De plus, l'étude de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des chaînes de force montre que la résistance du milieu pendant l'impact est portée par les particules des chaînes situées entre le bloc et la base du milieu impacté et que la propagation des chaînes de force dans la direction latérale joue un rôle secondaire. Enfin, l'étude des mécanismes du flambage des chaînes de force indique que, provoqués par les mouvements entre les particules de la chaîne, l'augmentation de nombre de flambages est liée à la diminution de la force d'impact sur le bloc ainsi qu'à l'augmentation de l'énergie cinétique et de la dissipation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu

Phase-locking matter-wave interferometer of vortex states

Matter-wave interferometer of ultracold atoms with different linear momenta has been extensively studied in theory and experiment. The vortex matter-wave interferometer with different angular momenta is applicable as a quantum sensor for measuring the rotation, interatomic interaction, geometric phase, etc. Here we report the first experimental realization of a vortex matter-wave interferometer by coherently transferring the optical angular momentum to an ultracold Bose condensate. After producing a lossless interferometer with atoms only populating the two spin states, we demonstrate that the phase difference between the interferences in the two spin states is locked on $\pi$. We also demonstrate the robustness of this out-of-phase relation, which is independent of the angular-momentum difference between the two interfering vortex states, constituent of Raman optical fields and expansion of the condensate. The experimental results agree well with the calculation from the unitary evolution of wave packet in quantum mechanics. This work opens a new way to build a quantum sensor and measure the atomic correlation in quantum gases.Comment: 5 figure

Study on the impact force evolution law of coal and gas outburst under high ground stress

With the increase of mining depth and intensity, the dynamic disaster of coal and gas outburst was frequent. The disaster-causing mechanism of impact force has become the main direction of current research. In order to further reveal the impact force evolution law and failure mechanism of coal and gas outburst under high ground stress. The self-developed simulation roadway system in the whole process of coal and gas outburst was adopted, and the monitoring technology of impact force and acoustic emission were introduced. The gas pressure in coal seam was simulated by mixture pressure of 45% CO2 and 55% N2. The stress of overlying strata and surrounding rock was simulated by axial and confining stress, respectively. Taking the outburst coal seam of Pingding shan No.11 mine as the research object to conduct the simulation test of coal and gas outburst. The ground stress with buried depths of 600 m, 800 m, 1 000 m, 1 200 m, 1 400 m and 1 600 m were considered. The migration process of coal-gas two-phase flow, distribution of pulverized coal and evolution characteristics of impact force were analyzed. The influence between impact force and gas pressure, critical gas pressure, effective stress of test, acoustic emission signal were obtained, respectively. Transformation characteristics of gas internal energy to impact kinetic energy, i.e., gas pressure to impact force, was analyzed from the viewpoint of energy conversion of coal and gas outburst. The results shown that, (1) The force condition and damage degree in embryonic stage of outburst affected the propagation characteristics of impact force in the roadway after outburst. As the simulated buried depth increased, the impact force evolution became more complex, accompanied by obvious pulse characteristics, and the impact force value increased with the pulse characteristics. (2) The pulse characteristics was divided into the stage of high and low frequency. Coal-gas two-phase flow in high frequency stage had the characteristics of rapid speed, high strength and strong outburst hazard. The outburst hazard in low frequency stage gradually weakened with the development of outburst. (3) The two-phase flow energy of outburst was mainly from gas internal energy. Part of gas pressure was converted into impact force. The strength of impact force was mainly determined by gas pressure. Deep coal, with high ground stress, was more prone to coal and gas outburst than shallow one. (4) At the beginning of outburst, the peak point of acoustic emission ringing count preceded that of impact force, i.e., the acoustic emission signal detected outburst hazard earlier. But the impact force was more specific to coal fracture. A steep increase in acoustic emission ringing count was accompanied by pulse characteristics. However, the appearance of the pulse characteristic did not necessarily correspond to a steep increase in acoustic emission ringing count

Expansion dynamics of a spherical Bose-Einstein condensate

We experimentally and theoretically observe the expansion behaviors of a spherical Bose-Einstein condensate. A rubidium condensate is produced in an isotropic optical dipole trap with an asphericity of 0.037. We measure the variation of the condensate size during the expansion process. The free expansion of the condensate is isotropic, which is different from that of the condensate usually produced in the anisotropic trap. The expansion in the short time is speeding and then after a long time the expansion velocity asymptotically approaches a constant value. We derive an analytic solution of the expansion behavior based on the spherical symmetry, allowing a quantitative comparison with the experimental measurement. The interaction energy of the condensate is gradually converted into the kinetic energy at the beginning of the expansion and the kinetic energy dominates after a long-time expansion. We obtain the interaction energy of the condensate in the trap by probing the expansion velocity, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

Local field modeling of interaction between a soil body and a falling boulder

La prédiction de trajectoire de bloc et la conception de structures de protection sont deux des questions principales de l'ingénierie des chutes de pierres. La prédiction de la trajectoire d'un bloc dépend en grande partie des rebonds de ce bloc tandis que la conception de structures de protection, comme des remblais, est étroitement liée à la force d'impact sur le bloc.En se basant sur ce contexte, la thèse traite aussi bien de l'interaction entre un bloc et un milieu granulaire que des rebonds d'un bloc sur un milieu granulaire, en utilisant une modélisation numérique par la méthode des éléments discrets. L'objectif de la thèse est d'identifier et de mesurer les mécanismes qui contrôlent le rebond du bloc et le transfert de charge à l'intérieur du milieu impacté. Le contenu principal comprend trois parties: la modélisation DEM du processus d'impact, le rebond du bloc et le comportement micromécanique du milieu impacté.La loi de contact classique est utilisée pour modéliser le processus d'impact. Elle est mise en œuvre avec une résistance aux roulements pour considérer les effets de forme des particules et est calibrée par des tests triaxiaux quasi-statiques. Le bloc est modélisé par une sphère avec une vitesse d'incident tandis que le milieu est modélisé par un assemblage de particules sphériques poly-dispersées. La modélisation numérique de l'impact est validé en termes de force d'impact, de durée d'impact et de profondeur de pénétration par des expériences de la littérature.Le rebond du bloc et le processus de propagation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu impacté sont examinés ensemble. La résistance du milieu pendant l'impact est représentée par l'énergie de tension élastique. La résistance du milieu n'est pas constante car l'augmentation d'énergie de tension élastique est suivie par l'augmentation d'énergie cinétique, la dissipation d'énergie et par la diminution du nombre de coordination. L'occurrence du rebond du bloc obtenue avec des simulations 3D montre que trois régimes d'impact existent, ce qui est en accord avec les résultats de citet{Bourrier_2008}. De plus, la comparaison entre les diagrammes d'occurrence de rebond 2D et 3D montre que les positions et les formes des diagrammes d'occurrence de rebond changent en raison de résistances et de dissipations d'énergie différentes. En se basant sur les deux aspects de l'étude, la relation entre le rebond du bloc et la propagation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu est discutée.Le comportement micromécanique du système impacté est examiné en se focalisant sur les mécanismes des chaînes de force. Le réseau de chaînes de force dans le milieu impacté est caractérisé à partir des tensions entre les particules. L'objectif est d'identifier le rôle des chaînes de force dans la force d'impact sur le bloc et dans la microstructure du milieu. En étudiant la force d'impact sur le bloc avec des impacts sur des échantillons de grains de tailles différentes montre que l'échantillon composé de grands grains a une plus grande force d'impact, des chaînes de force plus longues comparées à l'épaisseur du milieu ainsi qu'un grand pourcentage de chaînes de force avec une longue durée de vie. De plus, l'étude de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des chaînes de force montre que la résistance du milieu pendant l'impact est portée par les particules des chaînes situées entre le bloc et la base du milieu impacté et que la propagation des chaînes de force dans la direction latérale joue un rôle secondaire. Enfin, l'étude des mécanismes du flambage des chaînes de force indique que, provoqués par les mouvements entre les particules de la chaîne, l'augmentation de nombre de flambages est liée à la diminution de la force d'impact sur le bloc ainsi qu'à l'augmentation de l'énergie cinétique et de la dissipation d'énergie à l'intérieur du milieu.The prediction of boulder trajectory and the design of protection structures are particularly two main interests of rockfall engineering. The prediction of boulder trajectory largely depends on the bouncing of the boulder, and the design of protection structures, such as embankments, are closely related to the impact force on the boulder.Based on this background, the thesis deals with the interaction between a boulder and a granular medium as well as the bouncing of a boulder on a granular medium, through numerical modelling based on discrete element method. The objective of the thesis is to identify and quantify the mechanisms that governs the bouncing of boulder and the load transfer inside the impacted medium. The main contents include three parts: DEM modelling of the impact process, global bouncing of the boulder and micromechanical behaviour of the impacted medium.The classical contact law implemented with rolling resistance to consider particle shape effects calibrated based on quasi-static triaxial tests is used to model the dynamic impact process. The boulder is modelled as a single sphere with an incident velocity, the medium is modelled as an assembly composed of poly-disperse spherical particles. The numerical impact modelling is validated in terms of impact force, impact duration, penetration depth by experiments from literature.Bouncing of the boulder is investigated together with the energy propagation process inside the impacted medium. The strength of the medium during impact is represented by elastic strain energy, while the strength of the medium is not persistent since the increase of elastic strain energy is followed by the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation, as well as the decrease of the coordination number. Boulder's bouncing occurrence obtained based on 3D simulations shows that three impact regimes exist, which is consistent with the results of citet{Bourrier_2008}. In addition, comparison between 2D and 3D bouncing occurrence diagrams shows that the positions and shapes of bouncing occurrence diagrams shift due to the different strength and energy dissipation properties. Based on the two aspects of investigations, the relation between the bouncing of the boulder and the energy propagation inside the medium is discussed.The micromechanical behaviour of the impacted system is investigated by focusing on force chain mechanisms. The force chain network in the impacted medium is characterized based on particle stress information. The aim is to find the role of force chains in the strength and the microstructure of the medium. Investigations of the impact force on the boulder by impacting samples composed of different grain sizes shows that sample composed of big grains resulting in a larger impact force, longer force chains compared with the medium thickness, and large percentage of long age force chains. In addition, the spatial and temporal distribution of force chains are investigated and the results show that the strength of the medium under impact is built by chain particles located between the boulder and the bottom boundary, and the force chain propagation in the lateral direction of the medium plays a secondary role. Moreover, the investigation of force chain buckling mechanisms indicates that, triggered by the relative movements between the chain particles, the increase of buckling number is related to the decrease of impact force on the boulder as well as the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation inside the medium

Geometrical and FEA study on Millipede Forming

Millipede Forming is an innovative sheet metal forming approach that has been proposed and developed in Australia. U-channels, Z-channels or tubular products can be made by Millipede Forming. While a strip moves through an optimal transitional surface between the entry to exit of a forming stand, the redundant longitudinal membrane strain can be significantly reduced compared to the conventional roll forming, which is the essential principle to obtaining high quality products. The incremental forming process studied has demonstrated major advantages on space efficiency, power consumption and materials sensitivities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of main geometrical parameters and their optimization, in order to minimize the redundant longitudinal strains into elastic to avoid the redundant plastic deformations at flange during forming. In this study, a mild-steel U-channel sample with 10 mm flange width, fabricated by Millipede Forming in a forming length of 200 mm has been studied. Theoretical longitudinal membrane strains at profile\u27s edge of different transitional surfaces and downhill pass are also analyzed. The results showed that obtaining an optimal transitional surface is essential and necessary in controlling the peak longitudinal strain to an acceptable amount and that by increasing downhill pass, longitudinal strain can be significantly reduced. The optimized transitional surface and downhill pass flow were simulated by Abaqus, and the peak longitudinal strain was finally less than 0.2% through a very short forming length of 200 mm. The results prove that Millipede Forming can achieve a better product quality in a much shorter forming distance than conventional roll forming

Discrete Element Modeling of Permeability Evolution During Progressive Failure of a Low-Permeable Rock Under Triaxial Compression

International audienceUnderstanding permeability evolution caused by the nucleation, propagation and coalescence of cracks enables to better assess fluid migration in the vicinity of underground excavations, boreholes or reservoirs. In this study, we propose a three-dimensional approach combining a bonded particle model and a dual-permeability pore network model to investigate the crack permeability behavior of low-permeable rocks. First, we verify the performances of the numerical scheme by comparing its predictions to analytical permeability solutions for microcracked and fractured porous samples respectively. Then, we simulate a triaxial compression test on an argillaceous rock sample with periodic permeability measurements. The model is able to reproduce the stressstrain-permeability evolution observed experimentally, from the early stage of microcracking up to the residual post-failure state: i) permeability does not change significantly before reaching the crack damage threshold, ii) permeability increases by several orders of magnitude after failure due to the appearance of a discrete shear band across the sample. The good agreement between the numerical results and the experimental observations confirms the relevance of the proposed approach to simulate the crack permeability behavior of low permeable rocks during their progressive failure. Based on this result, we simulate triaxial compression tests under different confining pressures to propose relationships between post-failure permeability and residual mean stress