10,488 research outputs found
Loop-Erasure of Plane Brownian Motion
We use the coupling technique to prove that there exists a loop-erasure of a
plane Brownian motion stopped on exiting a simply connected domain, and the
loop-erased curve is the reversal of a radial SLE curve.Comment: 10 page
Restriction Properties of Annulus SLE
For , a family of annulus SLE processes
were introduced in [14] to prove the reversibility of whole-plane
SLE. In this paper we prove that those annulus SLE
processes satisfy a restriction property, which is similar to that for chordal
SLE. Using this property, we construct curves crossing an
annulus such that, when any curves are given, the last curve is a chordal
SLE trace.Comment: 37 page
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On defining partition entropy by inequalities
Partition entropy is the numerical metric of uncertainty within
a partition of a finite set, while conditional entropy measures the degree of
difficulty in predicting a decision partition when a condition partition is
provided. Since two direct methods exist for defining conditional entropy
based on its partition entropy, the inequality postulates of monotonicity,
which conditional entropy satisfies, are actually additional constraints on
its entropy. Thus, in this paper partition entropy is defined as a function
of probability distribution, satisfying all the inequalities of not only partition
entropy itself but also its conditional counterpart. These inequality
postulates formalize the intuitive understandings of uncertainty contained
in partitions of finite sets.We study the relationships between these inequalities,
and reduce the redundancies among them. According to two different
definitions of conditional entropy from its partition entropy, the convenient
and unified checking conditions for any partition entropy are presented, respectively.
These properties generalize and illuminate the common nature
of all partition entropies
Optimal Attack against Cyber-Physical Control Systems with Reactive Attack Mitigation
This paper studies the performance and resilience of a cyber-physical control
system (CPCS) with attack detection and reactive attack mitigation. It
addresses the problem of deriving an optimal sequence of false data injection
attacks that maximizes the state estimation error of the system. The results
provide basic understanding about the limit of the attack impact. The design of
the optimal attack is based on a Markov decision process (MDP) formulation,
which is solved efficiently using the value iteration method. Using the
proposed framework, we quantify the effect of false positives and
mis-detections on the system performance, which can help the joint design of
the attack detection and mitigation. To demonstrate the use of the proposed
framework in a real-world CPCS, we consider the voltage control system of power
grids, and run extensive simulations using PowerWorld, a high-fidelity power
system simulator, to validate our analysis. The results show that by carefully
designing the attack sequence using our proposed approach, the attacker can
cause a large deviation of the bus voltages from the desired setpoint. Further,
the results verify the optimality of the derived attack sequence and show that,
to cause maximum impact, the attacker must carefully craft his attack to strike
a balance between the attack magnitude and stealthiness, due to the
simultaneous presence of attack detection and mitigation
Modeling and Detecting False Data Injection Attacks against Railway Traction Power Systems
Modern urban railways extensively use computerized sensing and control
technologies to achieve safe, reliable, and well-timed operations. However, the
use of these technologies may provide a convenient leverage to cyber-attackers
who have bypassed the air gaps and aim at causing safety incidents and service
disruptions. In this paper, we study false data injection (FDI) attacks against
railways' traction power systems (TPSes). Specifically, we analyze two types of
FDI attacks on the train-borne voltage, current, and position sensor
measurements - which we call efficiency attack and safety attack -- that (i)
maximize the system's total power consumption and (ii) mislead trains' local
voltages to exceed given safety-critical thresholds, respectively. To
counteract, we develop a global attack detection (GAD) system that serializes a
bad data detector and a novel secondary attack detector designed based on
unique TPS characteristics. With intact position data of trains, our detection
system can effectively detect the FDI attacks on trains' voltage and current
measurements even if the attacker has full and accurate knowledge of the TPS,
attack detection, and real-time system state. In particular, the GAD system
features an adaptive mechanism that ensures low false positive and negative
rates in detecting the attacks under noisy system measurements. Extensive
simulations driven by realistic running profiles of trains verify that a TPS
setup is vulnerable to the FDI attacks, but these attacks can be detected
effectively by the proposed GAD while ensuring a low false positive rate.Comment: IEEE/IFIP DSN-2016 and ACM Trans. on Cyber-Physical System
Many-body dynamics of a Bose system with attractive interactions on a ring
We investigate the many-body dynamics of an effectively attractive
one-dimensional Bose system confined in a toroidal trap. The mean-field theory
predicts that a bright-soliton state will be formed when increasing the
interparticle interaction over a critical point. The study of quantum many-body
dynamics in this paper reveals that there is a modulation instability in a
finite Bose system correspondingly. We show that Shannon entropy becomes
irregular near and above the critical point due to quantum correlations. We
also study the dynamical behavior of the instability by exploring the momentum
distribution and the fringe visibility, which can be verified experimentally by
releasing the trapComment: 6 pages,5 figure
Nox4 is critical for hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha transcriptional activity in von Hippel-Lindau-deficient renal cell carcinoma
Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) is an early event in \u3e60% of sporadic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Loss of VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase function results in accumulation of the alpha-subunit of the hypoxia-inducible heterodimeric transcription factor (HIF-alpha) and transcription of an array of genes including vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and erythropoietin. Studies have shown that HIF-alpha can be alternatively activated by reactive oxygen species. Nox4 is an NADP(H) oxidase that generates signaling levels of superoxide and is found in greatest abundance in the distal renal tubules. To determine if Nox4 contributes to HIF activity in RCC, we examined the impact of Nox4 expression on HIF-alpha expression and transactivation. We report here that small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) knockdown of Nox4 in 786-0 human renal tumor cells expressing empty vector (PRC) or wild-type VHL (WT) results in 50% decrease in intracellular reactive oxygen species as measured by a fluorescent 2\u27,7\u27-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay, and \u3e85% reduction in HIF2-alpha mRNA and protein levels by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, expression of the HIF target genes, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, and Glut-1 was abrogated by 93%, 74%, and 99%, respectively, after stable transfection with Nox4 siRNA relative to nontargeting siRNA, as determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Thus, renal Nox4 expression is essential for full HIF2-alpha expression and activity in 786-0 renal tumor cells, even in the absence of functional VHL. We propose the use of Nox4 as a target in the treatment of clear cell RCC
Cylindrical vector beams for rapid polarization-dependent measurements in atomic systems
We demonstrate the use of cylindrical vector beams - beams with spatially
varying polarization - for detecting and preparing the spin of a warm rubidium
vapor in a spatially dependent manner. We show that a modified probe vector
beam can serve as an atomic spin analyzer for an optically pumped medium, which
spatially modulates absorption of the beam. We also demonstrate space-variant
atomic spin by optical pumping with the vector beams. The beams are thus
beneficial for making singleshot polarization-dependent measurements, as well
as for providing a means of preparing samples with position-dependent spin.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. Accepted in Optics Expres
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