220 research outputs found
CRIRES-POP: a library of high resolution spectra in the near-infrared. III. Line identification in the K-giant 10 Leo
Context: High-resolution spectra in the near-infrared (NIR) are an important
tool for the detailed study of stellar atmospheres. The accurate identification
of elements and molecules in these spectra can be used to determine chemical
abundances and physical conditions in the photosphere of the observed star.
Such identifications require precise line positions and strengths of both
atomic and molecular features. Aims: This work focusses on the full
identification of absorption lines in the NIR spectrum of the K-giant 10 Leo,
including previously unidentified lines. The large number and complexity of the
observed absorption lines require a deep search for potential spectral
signatures to enable an unambiguous assignment to specific elements or
molecular species. We aim to improve the published line lists of metals, some
of which are determined by model calculations only, and many of which presently
lack the completeness and accuracy of line parameters. Methods: The CRIRES-POP
project provided high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) spectra of
several bright stars in the 1 to 5 m range. For the K-giant 10 Leo, a
spectrum corrected for telluric absorption and with precise wavelength
calibration is available. This has been analysed by comparison with model
spectra and up-to-date line lists. Results: We identified lines of 29 elements
and eight molecular species. While the positions of many known lines could be
confirmed, about 6% of all lines detected in 10 Leo could not be attributed to
any known feature. For CO and its isotopologues, molecular constants could be
derived and several additional lines identified. We report major
inconsistencies for some prominent lines. In addition, abundances for several
key elements in 10 Leo are provided.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&
Sondage national des résidents en médecine et directeurs de programme canadiens sur le congé parental durant la résidence
Background: Despite the advantages of having a child as a medical resident, the transition back to residency after parental leave can be challenging. This study is the first to investigate this issue using a nation-wide Canadian sample of both residents and program directors.
Method: A questionnaire was developed and made available online. Respondents included 437 female residents, 33 male residents, and 172 residency program directors. The mean length of parental leave was nine months for female residents and six weeks for male residents. Almost all female residents (97.5%) breastfed with an average duration of 12 months. The top challenges reported by residents were feeling guilty for being away from their family, long and unpredictable work hours, sleep deprivation, and finding time to study. When female residents and program directors were matched to both school and program (N = 99 pairs), there was no difference in the total number of challenges reported, but program directors reported offering significantly more accommodations than female residents reported being offered, t(196) = 13.06, p < .001.
Results: Our data indicate there is a need for better communication between resident parents and program directors, as well as clear program-specific parental leave policies, particularly for supporting breastfeeding mothers as they return to work
Iatrogenic Biliary Injury Surgical Management
Bile duct injury (BDI) remains a critical complication following cholecystectomy. Prevention, early recognition, and appropriate management can significantly improve patient outcomes. In this chapter, we will discuss the current review of the surgical management of BDI, including prevention techniques during the cholecystectomy, intra-operative diagnosis of the injury, early evaluation and imaging, importance and challenges of the referrals to a hepatobiliary center, types and classification of biliary injuries, biliary drainage, and interventional procedures bridging to definitive repair, timing of surgical repair-early versus late, surgical repair techniques, evaluation and management of combined vasculo-biliary injury
Autodidacticism and Music: Do Self-Taught Musicians Exhibit the Same Auditory Processing Advantages as Formally Trained Musicians?
Multiple studies have demonstrated that musicians have enhanced auditory processing abilities compared to non-musicians. In these studies, musicians are usually defined as having received some sort of formal music training. One issue with this definition is that there are many musicians who are self-taught. The goal of the current study was to determine if self-taught musicians exhibit different auditory enhancements as their formally trained counterparts. Three groups of participants were recruited: formally trained musicians, who received formal music training through the conservatory or private lessons; self-taught musicians, who learned to play music through informal methods, such as with books, videos, or by ear; non-musicians, who had little or no music experience. Auditory processing abilities were assessed using a speech-in-noise task, a passive pitch oddball task done while recording electrical brain activity, and a melodic tonal violation task, done both actively and passively while recording electrical brain activity. For the melodic tonal violation task, formally trained musicians were better at detecting a tonal violation compared to self-taught musicians, who were in turn better than non-musicians. The P600 evoked by a tonal violation was enhanced in formally trained musicians compared to non-musicians. The P600 evoked by an out-of-key note did not differ between formally trained and self-taught musicians, while the P600 evoked by an out-of-tune note was smaller in self-taught musicians compared to formally trained musicians. No differences were observed between the groups for the other tasks. This pattern of results suggests that music training format impacts auditory processing abilities in musical tasks; however, it is possible that these differences arose due to pre-existing factors and not due to the training itself
Tracking the emergence of a pitch hierarchy using an artificial grammar requires extended exposure
Introduction: The tonal hierarchy is a perceived musical structure implicitly learned through exposure. Previous studies have demonstrated that new grammars, for example based on the Bohlen-Pierce scale, can be learned in as little as 20 minutes.
Methods: In this study, we created two grammars derived from the Bohlen-Pierce scale similar in complexity to the western tonal hierarchy. Participants rated the goodness-of-fit of all Bohlen-Pierce scale notes in a probe tone paradigm before and after 30 minutes of exposure to one of the two grammars. Participants were then asked about their experience in a short interview.
Results: Results do not support the learning of the artificial grammar: correlations between goodness-of-fit ratings and pitch frequency distribution of a grammar were no different before and after exposure to a grammar. Interviews suggest that participants are bad at identifying the strategy they used to complete the task. Testing the strategies reported on the data revealed that ratings decreased with increasing distance of the probe tone from the tonic.
Discussion: This is consistent with early brain responses to chromatic pitches of the tonal hierarchy. We suggest that longer exposure time is necessary to learn more complex grammars
OOD-CV-v2: An extended Benchmark for Robustness to Out-of-Distribution Shifts of Individual Nuisances in Natural Images
Enhancing the robustness of vision algorithms in real-world scenarios is
challenging. One reason is that existing robustness benchmarks are limited, as
they either rely on synthetic data or ignore the effects of individual nuisance
factors. We introduce OOD-CV-v2, a benchmark dataset that includes
out-of-distribution examples of 10 object categories in terms of pose, shape,
texture, context and the weather conditions, and enables benchmarking of models
for image classification, object detection, and 3D pose estimation. In addition
to this novel dataset, we contribute extensive experiments using popular
baseline methods, which reveal that: 1) Some nuisance factors have a much
stronger negative effect on the performance compared to others, also depending
on the vision task. 2) Current approaches to enhance robustness have only
marginal effects, and can even reduce robustness. 3) We do not observe
significant differences between convolutional and transformer architectures. We
believe our dataset provides a rich test bed to study robustness and will help
push forward research in this area.
Our dataset can be accessed from https://bzhao.me/OOD-CV/Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2111.1434
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Musical training modulates the early but not the late stage of rhythmic syntactic processing
Syntactic processing is essential for musical understanding. Although the processing of harmonic syntax has been well studied, very little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying rhythmic syntactic processing. The present study investigated the neural processing of rhythmic syntax and whether and to what extent long-term musical training impacts such processing. Fourteen musicians and 14 nonmusicians listened to syntactic-regular or -irregular rhythmic sequences and judged the completeness of these sequences. Musicians, as well as nonmusicians, showed a P600 effect to syntactic-irregular endings, indicating that musical exposure and perceptual learning of music are sufficient to enable nonmusicians to process rhythmic syntax at the late stage. However, musicians, but not nonmusicians, also exhibited an ERAN response to syntactic-irregular endings, which suggests that musical training only modulates the early but not the late stage of rhythmic syntactic processing. These findings revealed for the first time the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of rhythmic syntax in music, which has important implications for theories of hierarchically-organized music cognition and comparative studies of syntactic processing in music and language
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USSP-IAEA Workshop on Advanced Sensors for Safeguards
The IAEA Medium Term Strategy (2006-2011) defines a number of specific goals in respect to the IAEA's ability to provide assurances to the international community regarding the peaceful use of nuclear energy through States adherences to their respective non-proliferation treaty commitments. The IAEA has long used and still needs the best possible sensors to detect and measure nuclear material. The Department of Safeguards, recognizing the importance of safeguards-oriented R&D, especially targeting improved detection capabilities for undeclared facilities, materials and activities, initiated a number of activities in early 2005. The initiatives included letters to Member State Support Programs (MSSPs), personal contacts with known technology holders, topical meetings, consultant reviews of safeguards technology, and special workshops to identify new and novel technologies and methodologies. In support of this objective, the United States Support Program to IAEA Safeguards hosted a workshop on ''Advanced Sensors for Safeguards'' in Santa Fe, New Mexico, from April 23-27, 2007. The Organizational Analysis Corporation, a U.S.-based management consulting firm, organized and facilitated the workshop. The workshop's goal was to help the IAEA identify and plan for new sensors for safeguards implementation. The workshop, which was attended by representatives of seven member states and international organizations, included presentations by technology holders and developers on new technologies thought to have relevance to international safeguards, but not yet in use by the IAEA. The presentations were followed by facilitated breakout sessions where the participants considered two scenarios typical of what IAEA inspectors might face in the field. One scenario focused on an enrichment plant; the other scenario focused on a research reactor. The participants brainstormed using the technologies presented by the participants and other technologies known to them to propose techniques and methods that could be used by the IAEA to strengthen safeguards. Creative thinking was encouraged during discussion of the proposals. On the final day of the workshop, the OAC facilitators summarized the participant's ideas in a combined briefing. This paper will report on the results of the April 2007 USSP-IAEA Workshop on Advanced Sensors for Safeguards and give an overview of the proposed technologies of greatest promise
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