The causality analysis of relationship between financial development and economic growth in Turkey

Türkiye ekonomisi için büyüme ve finansal gelişme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin yönünü tespit etmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada 1989-2011 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak Toda-Yamamoto testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, temel bileşenler analizi yöntemi ile Türkiye ekonomisinin özgün koşullarını yansıtan ve finansal gelişmişlik düzeyini en kapsamlı biçiminde ölçmeyi mümkün kılacak bir finansal gelişme endeksi oluşturulmuştur. Ampirik bulgular, ‘89 sonrası dönemde ağırlıklı olarak ‘büyüme’den ‘finansal gelişme’ye doğru işleyen tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi söz konusu olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bir başka ifadeyle finansal gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme arasında ‘talep takipli’ bir nedensellik ilişkisi söz konusudur.In this study Toda-Yamamoto test was applied by using annual data between 1989-2011 to determine the direction of causality relationship between growth and financial development for the Turkish economy. Also, by principal components analysis a financial development index which reflects original conditions of Turkish economy and makes it possible to measure financial development level widely was constituted. Empirical evidence has shown that there is a unidirectional causal relationship from economic growth to financial development in the period after 1989. In other words, there is a causal relationship called 'demand following' between financial development and economic growth

Türkiye’de Finansal Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisinin Nedensellik Analizi

In this study Toda-Yamamoto test was applied by using annual data between 1989-2011 to determine the direction of causality relationship between growth and financial development for the Turkish economy. Also, by principal components analysis a financial development index which reflects original conditions of Turkish economy and makes it possible to measure financial development level widely was constituted. Empirical evidence has shown that there is a unidirectional causal relationship from economic growth to financial development in the period after 1989. In other words, there is a causal relationship called 'demand following' between financial development and economic growth.Türkiye ekonomisi için büyüme ve finansal gelişme arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin yönünü tespit etmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada 1989-2011 dönemine ait yıllık veriler kullanılarak Toda-Yamamoto testi uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, temel bileşenler analizi yöntemi ile Türkiye ekonomisinin özgün koşullarını yansıtan ve finansal gelişmişlik düzeyini en kapsamlı biçiminde ölçmeyi mümkün kılacak bir finansal gelişme endeksi oluşturulmuştur. Ampirik bulgular, ‘89 sonrası dönemde ağırlıklı olarak ‘büyüme’den ‘finansal gelişme’ye doğru işleyen tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi söz konusu olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bir başka ifadeyle finansal gelişme ve ekonomik büyüme arasında ‘talep takipli’ bir nedensellik ilişkisi söz konusudur

Nutrient composition of egg, hatchability and nutrition of embryo Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) with different plumage colors

Bu araştırma gri ve sarı tüy rengine sahip Japon bıldırcını gruplarında bazı yumurta kalite özellikleri, besin kompozisyonu, kuluçka özellikleri ve embriyonun beslenmesini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Bu amaç için her çalışma grubundan 240 adet olacak şekilde toplam 480 adet yumurta kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada her iki grupta ağırlıkları eşitlenerek değerlendirilmeye alınan taze yumurtaların ak, sarı ve kabuk ağlıkları ile oranları benzer bulunmuştur (P>0.05). Yumurtanın besin özelliklerinden kuru madde, kül, ham protein ve ham yağ değerlerinde gruplar arasında istatistiki farklılık saptanmamıştır (P>0.05). Kuluçkanın 15. gününde incelenen yumurta gruplarında ağırlık kaybı, embriyo ağırlığı, sarı kesesi ağırlığı, kabuk ağırlığı, kabukta ham kül değeri, sarı kesesi kuru madde, ham protein, ham yağ, ham kül değerine ait ortalamalarda gruplar birbirine benzer olduğu tespit edilmiştir (P>0.05). On beş günlük kuluçka süresince embriyo yumurta akının tamamını kullanmış, kabuk ham kül oranı %1.42, sarı kesesi ham kül oranı %10.42 azalmıştır. Embriyo yumurta sarı ham proteininin %38.87’sini, yağın %8.71’ini kullanmıştır. Kuluçka özelliklerinden döllülük oranı, kuluçka randımanı, çıkım gücü ve toplam embriyo ölüm oranı bakımından gruplar benzerdir (P>0.05). Yumurtanın civcive dönüşüm oranında gri renkli grubun rakamsal üstünlüğü önemli bulunmamıştır (P=0.063). Sonuç olarak yumurta ve kuluçka özellikleri bakımından gri veya sarı tüylü Japon bıldırcınlarında gruplar benzerlik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir.This study was conducted to investigate some quality traits, nutrient composition, hatchability, and nutrition of embryos in eggs of Japanese quails with gray and golden plumage colors. For this purpose, a total of 480 eggs, 240 eggs per experimental group were used. Weights or percentages of albumen, yolk and shell were found to be similar in fresh eggs which have equalized egg weight in two experimental groups of the research (P>0.05). There was no statistical difference in dry matter, ash, crude protein and crude fat values related to nutritional traits of eggs between the groups (P>0.05). Weight loss, embryo weight, yolk sac weight, shell weight, crude ash value of shell, yolk sac dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash values were found similar between two groups in evaluated eggs at the 15th day of hatching period (P>0.05). During the fifteenth day of incubation, albumen was consumed completely by embryos, crude ash value of shell and yolk sac were decreased 1.42% and 10.42%, respectively. The embryo consumed 38.87% of crude protein and 8.71% of crude fat of egg yolk. The fertility, hatchability, hatchability of fertile eggs and total embryonic mortality rate were similar between groups (P>0.05). Numerical superiority of gray group at conversion ratio of egg to chick was not significant (P=0.063). Consequently, Japanese quail groups have gray or golden plumage were similar in terms of egg and hatchability traits

Recent Advances in Health Biotechnology During Pandemic

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in 2019, cut the epoch that will make profound fluctuates in the history of the world in social, economic, and scientific fields. Urgent needs in public health have brought with them innovative approaches, including diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To exceed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various scientific authorities in the world have procreated advances in real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based diagnostic tests, rapid diagnostic kits, the development of vaccines for immunization, and the purposing pharmaceuticals for treatment. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization approaches put for- ward by scientific communities are cross-fed from the accrued knowledge of multidisciplinary sciences in health biotechnology. So much so that the pandemic, urgently prioritized in the world, is not only viral infections but also has been the pulsion in the development of novel approaches in many fields such as diagnosis, treatment, translational medicine, virology, mi- crobiology, immunology, functional nano- and bio-materials, bioinformatics, molecular biol- ogy, genetics, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, and artificial intelligence technologies. In this review, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of various scientific areas of health biotechnology are discussed

Real-world efficacy and safety of Ledipasvir plus Sofosbuvir and Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir +/- Dasabuvir combination therapies for chronic hepatitis C: A Turkish experience

Background/Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the real-life efficacy and tolerability of direct-acting antiviral treatments for patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with/without cirrhosis in the Turkish population.Material and Methods: A total of 4,352 patients with CHC from 36 different institutions in Turkey were enrolled. They received ledipasvir (LDV) and sofosbuvir (SOF)+/- ribavirin (RBV) ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir +/- dasabuvir (PrOD)+/- RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. Sustained virologic response (SVR) rates, factors affecting SVR, safety profile, and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) occurrence were analyzed.Results: SVR12 was achieved in 92.8% of the patients (4,040/4,352) according to intention-to-treat and in 98.3% of the patients (4,040/4,108) according to per-protocol analysis. The SVR12 rates were similar between the treatment regimens (97.2%-100%) and genotypes (95.6%-100%). Patients achieving SVR showed a significant decrease in the mean serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (50.90 +/- 54.60 U/L to 17.00 +/- 14.50 U/L) and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores (7.51 +/- 4.54 to 7.32 +/- 3.40) (p<0.05). Of the patients, 2 were diagnosed with HCC during the treatment and 14 were diagnosed with HCC 37.0 +/- 16.0 weeks post-treatment. Higher initial MELD score (odds ratio [OR]: 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-2.38; p=0.023]), higher hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.31-2.28; p=0.038), and higher serum ALT levels (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.21-1.83; p=0.042) were associated with poor SVR12. The most common adverse events were fatigue (12.6%), pruritis (7.3%), increased serum ALT (4.7%) and bilirubin (3.8%) levels, and anemia (3.1%).Conclusion: LDV/SOF or PrOD +/- RBV were effective and tolerable treatments for patients with CHC and with or without advanced liver disease before and after liver transplantation. Although HCV eradication improves the liver function, there is a risk of developing HCC.Turkish Association for the Study of The Liver (TASL

Multifocal Progressive Refractive Diffractive Lens: Optic Design and Clinical Results

Pur po se: To evaluate the visual functions of patients who had implantation of new-concept intraocular lens (IOL) OptiVis™, which has aspheric bifocal diffractive and progressive refractive design. Ma te ri al and Met hod: In this prospective study, 52 eyes of 27 patients had a new multifocal IOL OptiVis™ implantation through 2.5 mm incision after cataract surgery with phacoemulsification. 25 of the patients had simultaneous bilateral phacoemulsification with OptiVis™ IOL implantation. Two patients with different multifocal IOL previously implanted underwent monocular OptiVis™ implantation. Monocular distance, near and intermediate visual acuities and contrast sensitivity of the patients were recorded. Presence of glares and halo, frequency of spectacle use and patients’ satisfaction were questioned. Re sults: The mean age of the patients was 71.10±10.60 years and the mean follow-up time was 20.35±13.99 months. The mean monocular uncorrected visual acuities of the patients were 0.96±0.11 (Snellen card in decimals) for distance, J1.07±0.26 (Jaeger card) for near (33 cm) and J2.25±0.55 for intermediate (60 cm) at 6 months after the operations. The mean best-corrected monocular visual acuities were 0.97±0.08, J1.05±0.23 and J2.23±0.54, respectively. The mean monocular contrast sensitivity of the patients under photic conditions were 47 in 1.5 cycles per degree (cpd), 73 in 3 cpd, 61 in 6 cpd, 17 in 12 cpd and 2 in 18 cpd. The halo and glare problems which were moderate at the first postoperative month, were mild or none in 20 patients (74.07%) and moderate in 7 patients (25.92%) at 3 months after the surgery. Only one patient (3.70%) sometimes needed glasses for far vision. Posterior capsule opacification was seen in 3 eyes (5.76%). Dis cus si on: OptiVis™, with its diffractive bifocal design, provided very good distance and near vision without any contrast loss. Additionally, this IOL provided considerably good intermediate vision with its progressive refractive design, thus resulted in high patient satisfaction. (Turk J Ophthalmol 2012; 42: 326-31

Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization and DFT study of benzyl 4-([1,1 '-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,6,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydroquinoline-3-carboxylate

Calcium channel blocker compounds act on L-type calcium channels and reducing the influx of extracellular calcium ions into the cell. These are divided into three main groups, one of which is 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives. In this study, a new compound bearing the hexahydroquinoline ring analogous to 1,4-dihydropyridine structure was synthesized and its structure proved by instrumental techniques such as mass spectroscopy, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR, IR and elemental analysis. In addition to the spectral methods used, X-ray study has been carried out to realize advanced studies on the structure of the mentioned compound. The analyses of single crystal X-ray diffraction show that the title compouns crystallized in the monoclinic system with space group P 21/n. Lattice constants are a = 7.1231(3) angstrom, b = 30.0033(19) angstrom, c = 11.8361(7) angstrom, beta = 95.698(4)degrees, Z = 4. Crystallographic studies also show that the molecular structure was stabilized by intramolecular, intermolecular hydrogen bonds. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved