51 research outputs found

    A new species for the spontaneous vascular flora of Tunisia: Rhus coriaria L.

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    This account describes the morphological characteristics, the auto-ecology and the economic and environmental values of Rhus coriaria, a specie which has been recently found in the northwestern side of Jebel GorrĂąa (Tunisian High Tell

    Impacts of orographical and anthropic factors on the natural regeneration of Cork Oak (Quercus suber) in Kroumiria, Tunisia

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    Cork Oak occupies a particular place within the Mediterranean forest. In Tunisia, it is rather well represented in Kroumiria (70 000 ha), particularly in the areas of Ain Draham and Tabarka. Confined to acid environments with moderate climate, it plays a very important ecological role, supporting a rather diversified floristic and faunal assemblage. In the same way it plays a considerable socio-economic role in the life of the rural population of the area and largely contributes to the national economy through production and export of cork. Enduring a very strong anthropic pressure and an important degradation of the environment, with the direct effect of the climatic change, Cork Oak forests are unable to regenerate naturally. Thus, and according to the results of the present study, it appears that the further away the Cork Oak settlements are from human population, the more opportunities there are to find young seedlings resulting from regeneration and vice-versa. It is the same for the orographical (slope, exposure and altitude) and coverage factors which can directly or indirectly induce Cork Oak natural regenerationLe ChĂȘne-liĂšge occupe une place particuliĂšre au sein de la forĂȘt mĂ©diterranĂ©enne. En Tunisie, il est assez bien reprĂ©sente en Kroumirie (70 000 ha) particuliĂšrement dans les rĂ©gions d'Ain Draham et Tabarka. CantonnĂ© aux milieux acides Ă  climat tempĂ©rĂ©, il joue un rĂŽle Ă©cologique trĂšs important, assurant l'installation de tout un cortĂšge floristique et faunique assez diversifiĂ©. De mĂȘme, il assure un rĂŽle socio-Ă©conomique non nĂ©gligeable pour la population rurale habitant cette zone et contribue largement Ă  l'Ă©conomie nationale par la production et l'exportation du liĂšge. Subissant une trĂšs forte pression anthropique et une importante dĂ©gradation du milieu avec l'effet direct du changement climatique, les forĂȘts de ChĂȘne-liĂšge s'avĂšrent incapables de se rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rer naturellement. Ainsi, et d'aprĂšs les rĂ©sultats de la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, il apparaĂźt que plus les peuplements de ChĂȘne-liĂšge sont Ă©loignĂ©s de la population, plus il y a de chance de trouver de jeunes plantules issues de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration et vice versa. Il en est de mĂȘme pour les facteurs orographiques (pente, exposition et altitude) et ceux du recouvrement qui peuvent induire directement ou indirectement la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration naturelle du ChĂȘne-liĂšge

    Joumine Marsh; National Park of Ichkeul, Tunisia: floristic diversity, vegetation mapping and dynamics (1925-2011)

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    The vegetation of Joumine Marsh (National Park of Ichkeul, Tunisia) has been studied from 2005 to 2011 with the aims: (1) to characterize the present-day status of the marsh vegetation based on plant inventories and phytosociological surveys, (2) to identify the influence of interannual hydrological changes on the plant distribution, and (3) to reconstruct, on the basis of previous works, the vegetation dynamics over the past 86 years (1925-2011). Results reveal the regression and sometimes the local extinction of the plants of temporary freshwater habitats, and their replacement by halophilous, cultivation-tolerant, footpath and grazing-tolerant species. Such changes express the artificialisation of the marsh. The mid-term dynamics of Joumine Marsh (1925-2011) is characterized by four periods: (1) before the first hydrological developments realized on the Joumine Wady in 1948, the marsh was dominated by the helophytic formation of Bolboschoenus glaucus and Schoenoplectus litoralis; (2) between 1948 and the putting into service of the Joumine Dam in 1982/83, the helophytic vegetation remained dominant; (3) between 1982-1983 and the summer 2002, because of an inappropriate management of the reservoir (without freshwater release), the salinity of the marsh has considerably increased, triggering the decline of the hydrophilous vegetation and the expansion of salt scrubs of Sarcocornia fruticosa; (4) finally, since autumn 2002, occasional releases of freshwater from the Joumine reservoir and the realization of new hydrological developments on the Joumine ditch lead to the inundation and washing of the marsh. These changes have induced the partial replacement of the salt scrubs by renewed helophytic herbaceous formations. This study reveals the significance of the ratio “hydro-hygrophilous plants/halophilous plants” as an indicator of the health of coastal wetlands. This ratio, as a simple tool for helping the management, may be used at the scale of the entire system lake-marsh of IchkeulLa vĂ©gĂ©tation du marais de Joumine (Parc National de l'Ichkeul, Tunisie) a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©e entre 2005 et 2011 dans les buts: (1) de caractĂ©riser l'Ă©tat actuel de la vĂ©gĂ©tation du marais sur la base d'inventaires floristiques et de relevĂ©s phytosociologiques, (2) d'identifier l'influence des changements hydrologiques interannuels sur la rĂ©partition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation, et (3) de reconstruire, sur la base de travaux antĂ©rieurs, la dynamique de la vĂ©gĂ©tation sur 86 ans (1925-2011). Les rĂ©sultats rĂ©vĂšlent la rĂ©duction, voire la disparition, des espĂšces infĂ©odĂ©es aux milieux temporaires d'eau douce, et leur remplacement par des espĂšces halophiles, adventices, rudĂ©rales et indicatrices de surpĂąturage. Ces changements dĂ©notent l'artificialisation du marais. La dynamique Ă  moyen terme de la vĂ©gĂ©tation du marais de Joumine (1925-2011) est caractĂ©risĂ©e par quatre pĂ©riodes: (1) avant les premiers amĂ©nagements hydrauliques rĂ©alisĂ©s sur l'oued Joumine en 1948, le marais Ă©tait dominĂ© par la scirpaie Ă  Bolboschoenus glaucus et Schoenoplectus litoralis ; (2) entre 1948 et la mise en service du barrage de Joumine en 1982/83, la scirpaie est restĂ©e dominante ; (3) entre 1982-83 et l'Ă©tĂ© 2002, sous l'effet d'une gestion inappropriĂ©e du barrage (sans lĂącher d'eau douce), la salinitĂ© du marais a considĂ©rablement augmentĂ©, provoquant le dĂ©clin de la vĂ©gĂ©tation hydro-hygrophile et l'extension de la sansouĂŻre Ă  Sarcocornia fruticosa ; (4) enfin, depuis l'automne 2002, des lĂąchers occasionnels d'eau douce Ă  partir du barrage de Joumine et la rĂ©alisation de nouveaux amĂ©nagements sur le canal de Joumine ont conduit Ă  l'inondation et au lessivage du marais. Ces changements ont entraĂźnĂ© le dĂ©clin de la vĂ©gĂ©tation halophile au profit de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de la scirpaie. Cette Ă©tude met en Ă©vidence l'importance du rapport « vĂ©gĂ©tation hydro-hygrophile/vĂ©gĂ©tation halophile » en tant qu'indicateur de l'Ă©tat de santĂ© de marais littoraux. Ce rapport, qui apparaĂźt comme un outil simple d'aide Ă  la gestion, peut ĂȘtre exploitĂ© Ă  l'Ă©chelle de l'ensemble du systĂšme lac-marais de l'Ichkeul

    Rare, endemic and threatened vascular flora of Tunisian wetlands

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    Tunisian wetlands harbour a large floristic richness, estimated at 407 species representing 228 genera and 75 families. This flora comprises species strictly limited to wetlands, and species originating from surrounding lands. It is characterized by a big proportion of rare and/or threatened taxa (~ 29 %). Kroumirie is the richest region, with 290 taxa among which 54 are considered as very rare, rare or infrequent, because of their limited distribution area, generally located in frail or degraded ecosystems. The preservation of this exceptional biodiversity, threatened on short term, implies the urgent development of scientific investigations and adapted protection measuresLes zones humides de Tunisie prĂ©sentent une grande richesse floristique, Ă©valuĂ©e Ă  407 espĂšces reprĂ©sentant 228 genres et 75 familles. Ces espĂšces sont, soit strictement infĂ©odĂ©es aux zones humides, soit transgressives des milieux terrestres. Cette flore est caractĂ©risĂ©e par une forte proportion des taxons rares et/ou menacĂ©s (∌ 29 %). La Kroumirie est la rĂ©gion la plus riche, avec 290 taxons dont 54 sont considĂ©rĂ©s comme trĂšs rares, rares ou peu rĂ©pandus, en raison de leur rĂ©partition rĂ©duite et gĂ©nĂ©ralement situĂ©e au niveau d'Ă©cosystĂšmes trĂšs fragiles ou dĂ©gradĂ©s. La prĂ©servation de cette biodiversitĂ© exceptionnelle et menacĂ©e Ă  court terme nĂ©cessite la mise en place urgente d'Ă©tudes scientifiques et de mesures de protection appropriĂ©es

    Influence of grazing on structure, composition and dynamics of vegetation in Mediterranean temporary pools (northern Tunisia)

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    Three temporary pools of Sejenane region (northern Tunisia) have been studied with the aims of characterizing their vegetation, and of specifying the impact of grazing on their structure, composition and dynamics. Permanent transects of quadrats have been surveyed in spring and summer during two (not-grazed pool) to three years (grazed pools). The vegetation of the three pools is organized in three concentric belts related to the topographic gradient. The between-years dynamics is strongly characterized by the alternation of distinct spring and summer vegetations. Grazing appears as the main control of the composition and structure of hydrophytic plant communities. It prevents the colonization by competitive, perturbation-sensitive species, and favours the persistence of annual, light-demanding dwarf plants. In order to protect the biodiversity of these rare habitats in Tunisia, it is necessary to maintain, through an adapted management of grazing, a landscape mosaic of grazed and not-grazed zonesTrois mares temporaires de la rĂ©gion de Sejenane (Tunisie septentrionale) ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es afin de caractĂ©riser leur vĂ©gĂ©tation et de prĂ©ciser l’influence du pĂąturage sur sa structure, sa composition et sa dynamique intra- et interannuelle. Des transects de quadrats permanents ont Ă©tĂ© suivis au printemps et en Ă©tĂ© durant deux (mare non pĂąturĂ©e) Ă  trois ans (mares pĂąturĂ©es). Le cortĂšge floristique des mares Ă©tudiĂ©es est organisĂ© en trois ceintures concentriques liĂ©es au gradient topographique. La dynamique intra-annuelle de la vĂ©gĂ©tation est nettement marquĂ©e par l’alternance de cortĂšges printaniers et estivaux distincts. Le pĂąturage apparaĂźt comme le principal facteur contrĂŽlant la composition et la structure des communautĂ©s vĂ©gĂ©tales hydrophytiques. Il limite le dĂ©veloppement des espĂšces compĂ©titives sensibles aux perturbations et favorise le maintien d’une flore de petite taille, thĂ©rophytique et hĂ©liophile. Afin de prĂ©server la biodiversitĂ© de ces habitats rares en Tunisie, il apparaĂźt nĂ©cessaire de maintenir, par une gestion adaptĂ©e du pĂąturage, une mosaĂŻque paysagĂšre de zones non pĂąturĂ©es et pĂąturĂ©e

    Bellis prostrata Pomel (Asteraceae), a new species for Morocco

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    Investigations conducted in temporary wetlands of the coastal Meseta of W Morocco (Benslimane region) lead to the discovery of Bellis prostrata in a small endoreic temporary pool (ca. 1 ha) of the quartzitic-limestone plateau of Benslimane

    Enjeux de conservation d’une zone humide d’eau douce mĂ©diterranĂ©enne exceptionnelle : la GarĂąa Sejenane (Tunisie septentrionale)

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    Cet article a pour but d’évaluer les enjeux de conservation concernant la vĂ©gĂ©tation hydrophytique de la plus grande zone humide naturelle d’eau douce de Tunisie, la GarĂąa Sejenane. Les 55 relevĂ©s phytosociologiques rĂ©alisĂ©s rĂ©vĂšlent une richesse floristique exceptionnelle, avec 74 hydrophytes dont 26 sont Ă  forte valeur patrimoniale. Des analyses multivariĂ©es (AFC, CHA) effectuĂ©es sur ces donnĂ©es distinguent trois types d’habitats : des cultures inondables, des marais temporaires, et des pelouses humides/mares temporaires. Leur cartographie montre une structure en 3 zones concentriques : une ceinture externe constituĂ©e de pelouses humides, de mares temporaires et de prairies fourragĂšres sĂšches, une zone intermĂ©diaire occupĂ©e par des marais temporaires et des prairies fourragĂšres humides, et une zone centrale formĂ©e de cultures inondables. Un Indice de RaretĂ© des EspĂšces trĂšs Ă©levĂ©, et des espĂšces Ă  fort enjeu conservatoire (1 endĂ©mique stricte Ă  la GarĂąa Sejenane, 5 espĂšces dont elle constitue l’unique localitĂ© tunisienne, et 2 espĂšces dont elle abrite les plus grandes populations nord-africaines) rĂ©vĂšlent l’intĂ©rĂȘt Ă©cologique et conservatoire majeur du site, et ceci malgrĂ© de fortes pressions anthropiques subies depuis les annĂ©es 60. Dans le contexte actuel d’augmentation de la pression de perturbation, la conservation Ă  long terme de cette biodiversitĂ© exceptionnelle nĂ©cessite la mise en place de mesures de gestion appropriĂ©es intĂ©grant les populations locales.This study addresses the conservation issues of the hydrophytic vegetation of GarĂąa Sejenane, the largest natural freshwater wetland in Tunisia. Fifty-five phytosociological relevĂ©s reveal the exceptional floristic wealth, including 74 hydrophytes of which 26 are patrimonial species. Multivariate analyses (CA, AHC) differentiate three types of habitats: flooded crops, temporary marshes, and wet lawns/temporary pools. Their mapping shows concentric zones, including an external belt of wet lawns, temporary pools and dry fodder meadows, an intermediate belt of temporary marshes and wet fodder meadows, and a central area of flood crops. A high Species Rarity Index and the occurrence of several species with high conservation values (1 strictly endemic species to the GarĂąa Sejenane, 5 others that exist in Tunisia only in this site, and 2 species whose local populations are the largest in North Africa) confirm the major ecological and conservatory interest of the site, despite anthropogenic pressures on the GarĂąa Sejenane since the sixties. In the present-day context of increasing human pressure, the long-term conservation of this exceptional biodiversity needs the implementation of targeted management measures integrating local populations

    Une nouvelle espÚce pour la flore vasculaire spontanée de la Tunisie : Rhus coriaria L

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    Summary. — A new species for the spontaneous vascular flora of Tunisia : Rhus coriaria L.— This account describes the morphological characteristics, the auto-ecology and the economic and environmental values of Rhus coriaria, a specie which has been recently found in the northwestern side of Jebel GorrĂąa (Tunisian High Tell).Abaza Khaled, Gammar Amor Mokhtar, Ghrabi Gammar Zeineb. Une nouvelle espĂšce pour la flore vasculaire spontanĂ©e de la Tunisie : Rhus coriaria L. In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 65, n°2, 2010. pp. 179-184

    Évolution de la couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale du Parc national de l’Ichkeul (Tunisie)

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    Evolution of the vegetation cover in Ichkeul National Park (Tunisia). — Ichkeul wetland ecosystems are characterized by hygrophile vegetation. This later requires to be submerged by fresh water during a period of the year in order to fullfil its vegetative cycle. Hydrologic constructions and dry years influence the evolution of wetland vegetation distribution in Ichkeul National Park. To follow up this evolution, we mapped the vegetation in 1994 and 2002. The analysis of all existing data concerning Ichkeul wetland vegetation since 1967 and our surveys between 1994 and 2005 allowed us to understand the evolution of wetland vegetation distribution and explain it. Until 2002, ecosystems suffered from intense salinisation, the drying-up showed by development of halophilous vegetation and the extension of occasionally inundated areas. At the beginning of the year 2003, fresh water inflows were generated by exceptional rains and entered the park, provoking water stagnation during more than two months in Ichkeul marshes. These conditions led to a regression of the halophilous vegetation and its replacement by an hygrophilous one, based on sedges, rushes,... Ichkeul wetland ecosystems showed a good resilience : one year was sufficient to regenerate hygrophilous vegetation after 15 years of water shortage.Les Ă©cosystĂšmes lagunaires de l’Ichkeul sont caractĂ©risĂ©s par une vĂ©gĂ©tation hygrophile exigeant la submersion en eau douce pendant une pĂ©riode de l’annĂ©e pour accomplir leur cycle vĂ©gĂ©tatif. Les constructions hydrologiques et les annĂ©es de sĂ©cheresses influencent l’évolution et la rĂ©partition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation des marais du Parc national de l’Ichkeul. Pour suivre cette Ă©volution, nous avons cartographiĂ© la vĂ©gĂ©tation en 1994 et 2002. L’analyse des donnĂ©es publiĂ©es au sujet de la vĂ©gĂ©tation des marais de l’Ichkeul depuis 1967 et de nos observations rĂ©alisĂ©es entre 1994 et 2005 nous a permis de comprendre l’évolution de la rĂ©partition de la vĂ©gĂ©tation des marais et de l’expliquer. Jusqu’en 2002, les Ă©cosystĂšmes ont souffert d’une salinisation et d’une sĂ©cheresse intenses qui se sont traduites par le dĂ©veloppement d’une vĂ©gĂ©tation halophile et la rĂ©duction des superficies inondables. Au dĂ©but de l’annĂ©e 2003, des apports d’eau douce ont Ă©tĂ© produits par les pluies exceptionnelles et ont alimentĂ© le parc, provoquant la stagnation de l’eau durant plus de deux mois dans les marais de l’Ichkeul. Ces conditions ont provoquĂ© une dĂ©gradation de la vĂ©gĂ©tation halophile au profit de la rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©ration de la vĂ©gĂ©tation hygrophile Ă  base de scirpes, de joncs, de carex... Les Ă©cosystĂšmes lagunaires de l’Ichkeul ont fait preuve d’une bonne rĂ©silience : une annĂ©e favorable s’est avĂ©rĂ©e suffisante pour rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rer la vĂ©gĂ©tation hygrophile aprĂšs 15 ans de manque d’eau.Ghrabi Gammar Zeineb, Lili Chabaane Z., Zouaghi M. Évolution de la couverture vĂ©gĂ©tale du Parc national de l’Ichkeul (Tunisie). In: Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 61, n°4, 2006. pp. 317-326
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