Anémie et parasitoses (intestinales et urinaires) chez les enfants d’âge scolaire au Burkina Faso: cas des écoles de Yamtenga, Daguilma et Koubri

La présente étude vise principalement à évaluer le statut de l’anémie associé à l’état parasitaire chez des enfants de trois écoles riveraines de retenues d’eaux au Burkina Faso: Daguilma, Koubri et Yamtenga. Il s’agit d’une étude transversale réalisée d’avril 2004 à octobre 2014. L’évaluation de l’anémie a été basée sur la mesure du taux d’hémoglobine à l’aide de l’appareil Hemocue. La caractérisation des parasitoses intestinales a été réalisée en utilisant la méthode de formol éther. La méthode de filtration de Plouvier a été utilisée pour identifier les oeufs de schistosomes. Au total, 363 écoliers dont 182 garçons et 181 filles ont participé à l’étude. La prévalence de l’anémie chez les écoliers à Yamtenga, Koubri et Daguilma est respectivement de 35,83%, 28,33% et 41,46%. Aucune différence significative n’a été notée entre filles et garçons au niveau de chaque site et sur l’ensemble des 3 sites (p= 1). La prévalence globale des parasites intestinaux chez les écoliers est de 75,83%. Pour la schistosomiase urinaire, 5,83% des écoliers sont infectés à Yamtenga, 4,33% à Koubri et 3,06% à Daguilma. La différence est significative entre les garçons (11,67%) et les filles (0,0%) à Yamtenga (p= 0,01). Par contre, à Koubri et à Daguilma, aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les garçons et les filles (p= 0,619 et p= 1, respectivement).Tous les écoliers infectés par les Ankylostomes, Trichocéphales et Ascaris sont anémiés au niveau des trois sites de l’étude. Parmi les 16 écoliers infectés par la schistosomiase urinaire, 11 présentent une anémie. De l’ensemble des résultats de cette étude, il ressort que la prévalence de l’anémie chez les enfants est fortement influencée par les géohelminthes et la schistosomiase urinaire.Mots clés : Anémie, parasite intestinal, schistosome, élève, Burkina Faso

Adolescent health in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study on the co-occurrence of infectious diseases, malnutrition and cardio-metabolic risk factors.

In sub-Saharan Africa, infectious diseases and malnutrition constitute the main health problems in children, while adolescents and adults are increasingly facing cardio-metabolic conditions. Among adolescents as the largest population group in this region, we investigated the co-occurrence of infectious diseases, malnutrition and cardio-metabolic risk factors (CRFs), and evaluated demographic, socio-economic and medical risk factors for these entities. In a cross-sectional study among 188 adolescents in rural Ghana, malarial infection, common infectious diseases and Body Mass Index were assessed. We measured ferritin, C-reactive protein, retinol, fasting glucose and blood pressure. Socio-demographic data were documented. We analyzed the proportions (95% confidence interval, CI) and the co-occurrence of infectious diseases (malaria, other common diseases), malnutrition (underweight, stunting, iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency [VAD]), and CRFs (overweight, obesity, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension). In logistic regression, odds ratios (OR) and 95% CIs were calculated for the associations with socio-demographic factors. In this Ghanaian population (age range, 14.4-15.5 years; males, 50%), the proportions were for infectious diseases 45% (95% CI: 38-52%), for malnutrition 50% (43-57%) and for CRFs 16% (11-21%). Infectious diseases and malnutrition frequently co-existed (28%; 21-34%). Specifically, VAD increased the odds of non-malarial infectious diseases 3-fold (95% CI: 1.03, 10.19). Overlap of CRFs with infectious diseases (6%; 2-9%) or with malnutrition (7%; 3-11%) was also present. Male gender and low socio-economic status increased the odds of infectious diseases and malnutrition, respectively. Malarial infection, chronic malnutrition and VAD remain the predominant health problems among these Ghanaian adolescents. Investigating the relationships with evolving CRFs is warranted

Malaria and vitamin A deficiency in African children: a vicious circle?

Vitamin A deficiency and malaria are both highly prevalent health problems in Africa. Vitamin A deficiency affects over 30 million children, most of whom are in the age-group (under five years) most affected by malaria. Vitamin A deficiency increases all-cause mortality in this part of the population, and malaria is an important cause of death in children at this age. A low serum retinol concentration (a marker of vitamin A deficiency) is commonly found in children suffering from malaria, but it is not certain whether this represents pre-existing vitamin A deficiency, a contribution of malaria to vitamin A deficiency, or merely an acute effect of malaria on retinol metabolism or binding. In this paper, available evidence in support of a causal relationship in each direction between vitamin A deficiency and malaria is reviewed. If such a relationship exists, and especially if this is bidirectional, interventions against either disease may convey an amplified benefit for health

Poor nutritional status of schoolchildren in urban and peri-urban areas of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malnutrition is still highly prevalent in developing countries. Schoolchildren may also be at high nutritional risk, not only under-five children. However, their nutritional status is poorly documented, particularly in urban areas. The paucity of information hinders the development of relevant nutrition programs for schoolchildren. The aim of this study carried out in Ouagadougou was to assess the nutritional status of schoolchildren attending public and private schools.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The study was carried out to provide baseline data for the implementation and evaluation of the Nutrition Friendly School Initiative of WHO. Six intervention schools and six matched control schools were selected and a sample of 649 schoolchildren (48% boys) aged 7-14 years old from 8 public and 4 private schools were studied. Anthropometric and haemoglobin measurements, along with thyroid palpation, were performed. Serum retinol was measured in a random sub-sample of children (N = 173). WHO criteria were used to assess nutritional status. Chi square and independent t-test were used for proportions and mean comparisons between groups.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Mean age of the children (48% boys) was 11.5 ± 1.2 years. Micronutrient malnutrition was highly prevalent, with 38.7% low serum retinol and 40.4% anaemia. The prevalence of stunting was 8.8% and that of thinness, 13.7%. The prevalence of anaemia (p = 0.001) and vitamin A deficiency (p < 0.001) was significantly higher in public than private schools. Goitre was not detected. Overweight/obesity was low (2.3%) and affected significantly more children in private schools (p = 0.009) and younger children (7-9 y) (p < 0.05). Thinness and stunting were significantly higher in peri-urban compared to urban schools (p < 0.05 and p = 0.004 respectively). Almost 15% of the children presented at least two nutritional deficiencies.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study shows that malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies are also widely prevalent in schoolchildren in cities, and it underlines the need for nutrition interventions to target them.</p

The impact of multimorbidity on adult physical and mental health in low- and middle-income countries: what does the study on global ageing and adult health (SAGE) reveal?

BACKGROUND: Chronic diseases contribute a large share of disease burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Chronic diseases have a tendency to occur simultaneously and where there are two or more such conditions, this is termed as 'multimorbidity'. Multimorbidity is associated with adverse health outcomes, but limited research has been undertaken in LMICs. Therefore, this study examines the prevalence and correlates of multimorbidity as well as the associations between multimorbidity and self-rated health, activities of daily living (ADLs), quality of life, and depression across six LMICs. METHODS: Data was obtained from the WHO's Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave-1 (2007/10). This was a cross-sectional population based survey performed in LMICs, namely China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, including 42,236 adults aged 18 years and older. Multimorbidity was measured as the simultaneous presence of two or more of eight chronic conditions including angina pectoris, arthritis, asthma, chronic lung disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, stroke, and vision impairment. Associations with four health outcomes were examined, namely ADL limitation, self-rated health, depression, and a quality of life index. Random-intercept multilevel regression models were used on pooled data from the six countries. RESULTS: The prevalence of morbidity and multimorbidity was 54.2 % and 21.9 %, respectively, in the pooled sample of six countries. Russia had the highest prevalence of multimorbidity (34.7 %) whereas China had the lowest (20.3 %). The likelihood of multimorbidity was higher in older age groups and was lower in those with higher socioeconomic status. In the pooled sample, the prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation was 14 %, depression 5.7 %, self-rated poor health 11.6 %, and mean quality of life score was 54.4. Substantial cross-country variations were seen in the four health outcome measures. The prevalence of 1+ ADL limitation, poor self-rated health, and depression increased whereas quality of life declined markedly with an increase in number of diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight the challenge of multimorbidity in LMICs, particularly among the lower socioeconomic groups, and the pressing need for reorientation of health care resources considering the distribution of multimorbidity and its adverse effect on health outcomes

Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries

The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.814.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.871.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.027.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.327.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.323.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.487.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.183.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.160.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally. (c) 2023, The Author(s)

Children's and adolescents' rising animal-source food intakes in 1990-2018 were impacted by age, region, parental education and urbanicity

Animal-source foods (ASF) provide nutrition for children and adolescents physical and cognitive development. Here, we use data from the Global Dietary Database and Bayesian hierarchical models to quantify global, regional and national ASF intakes between 1990 and 2018 by age group across 185 countries, representing 93% of the worlds child population. Mean ASF intake was 1.9 servings per day, representing 16% of children consuming at least three daily servings. Intake was similar between boys and girls, but higher among urban children with educated parents. Consumption varied by age from 0.6 at <1 year to 2.5 servings per day at 1519 years. Between 1990 and 2018, mean ASF intake increased by 0.5 servings per week, with increases in all regions except sub-Saharan Africa. In 2018, total ASF consumption was highest in Russia, Brazil, Mexico and Turkey, and lowest in Uganda, India, Kenya and Bangladesh. These findings can inform policy to address malnutrition through targeted ASF consumption programmes. (c) 2023, The Author(s)

Quel instrument utiliser pour l'evaluation des fonds alloues aux interventions en nutrition ainsi que leur provenance : Une experience pilote en Afrique de l'ouest

L' objectif de notre etude est d' evaluer les fonds alloues aux interventions du secteur de la nutrition et discuter de la pertinence de !'utilisation des comptes nationaux de sante dans I' estimation de ces fonds. Une etude pilate retrospective a ere conduite au Burkina Faso sur I' estimation des fonds en nutrition et leur source de financement dans le systeme de sante du Burkina Faso. Les activires de nutrition au Burkina Faso au cours de l'annee 2010 representaient 4,05% des activites du secteur de la sante, avec une contribution fmanciere du gouvemement qui representait 0,5% contre 77,4% venant des partenaires d'aide au developpement. La contribution du gouvemement dans les depenses en nutrition reste tres  marginale et reflete bien ce qui se passe dans I' ensemble des Pays en  Developpement (PED). ll y a une difficulte evidente de !'estimation des depenses en nutrition liee a l'absence d'un instrument devalue et cet effet. L'utilisation des comptes nationaux de sante pour cette estimation se montre reducteur et appel a I' elaboration d'un instrument qui va au dela du secteur de la sante dans une approche plus exhaustive de 1' estimation des depenses en nutrition.Mots-clés : Nutrition, Depenses en nutrition, compte nationaux de sante.The objectif of our study is to Assess funds used in nutrition interventions and discuss how relevant is the utilisation of the System Health Account (SHA) in this matter. A pilot and retrospective study was carried out in Burkina Faso 2010, on funds and funders involve in nutrition interventions. In 2010 nutrition interventions represented 4.05% of all the activities from the health sector, with the contribution of the government to the funds involve in these activities that represented 0.5% vs 77.4% of the funds coming from aid partners. The government of Burkina Faso as well as the many Developing countries (DEP) has a marginal contribution in terms of funds in nutrition activities. It appears obvious that the assessment of the funds involve in nutrition is very difficult du to the fact that there is no systematic method for this matter. The utilisation of the SHA shows that it cannot cover the activities of nutrition out of the health sector. This appeals for the elaboration of a more reliable instrument, which could help to be more exhaustive in nutrition interventions funds assessment.Keywords: Nutrition, Nutrition expenses, System Health Account

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MINIMUM DIETARY DIVERSITY, MINIMUM MEAL FREQUENCY AND MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DIET PRACTICES AMONG CHILDREN 6- 23 MONTHS OF AGE IN BOBO-DIOULASSO, BURKINA FASO

The study assessed infant and young child feeding practices and associated factors among 6–23-month-old children in order to inform ongoing and future programs and projects in Bobo-Dioulasso area, in Burkina Faso. Information on child feeding practices and determinants in urban areas is limited in Burkina Faso. Data of 301children, collected in 2013, were considered in this secondary analysis. Questionnaires were used to collect data on respondents’ socio-demographic and economic situation. In addition to the information on child care practices, food consumption data were also collected using a 24h dietary recall questionnaire. Indicators of minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) were constructed and proportion of children meeting these indicators calculated. Binary logistic regression was used to see the association between the outcome variables and explanatory variables, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with minimum dietary diversity, meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet. Data cleaning and analysis were done using SPSS version 25. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) were computed to measure the strength of association. Almost 3 out of 4 mothers (72.5%) were housewives and 62.4% of them were illiterate. Among the 301 children, 40.2% were aged 18-23 months. About half of the children (45.2%) were born to mothers from high income households. The proportion of children 6–23 months who met the MDD and MMF for breastfed and non-breastfed children was 18.3% and 28.9%, respectively. Less than one fifth of breastfed children (16.1%) received MAD. Girls were more likely to meet the MDD (p=0.02) and MAD (p=0.04) than boys. The proportion of children 6- 23 months meeting the three complementary feeding practice indicators in Bobo- Dioulasso in Burkina Faso were far below the WHO-recommended standard of 90% coverage. The MDD and MAD were positively associated to the female gender. This finding could be used to better target the children in order to improve the effects of the ongoing or future interventions in increasing appropriate complementary feeding practices