Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of radial torsion angle measurements by a new and alternative method with computed tomography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of radial torsion angle measurement using computed tomography. METHODS: Twelve pairs of cadaver radii and 116 forearms from 58 healthy volunteers were evaluated using axial computed tomography sections measured at the level of the bicipital tuberosity and the subchondral region of the radius. During digital imaging, the angle was formed by two lines, one diametrically perpendicular to the radial tubercle and the other tangential to the volar rim of the distal joint surface. Measurements were performed twice each by three observers. RESULTS: In cadaveric bones, the mean radial torsion angle was 1.48º (-6º - 9º) on the right and 1.62º (-6 º - 8º) on the left, with a mean difference between the right and left sides of 1.61º (0º - 8º). In volunteers, the mean radial torsion angle was 3.00° (-17° - 17°) on the right and 2.91° (-16°- 15°) on the left, with a mean difference between the sides of 1.58º (0º - 7º). There was no significant difference between each side. The interobserver correlation coefficient for the cadaver radii measurements was 0.88 (0.72 - 0.96) and 0.81 (0.58 - 0.93) for the right and left radius, respectively, while for the volunteers, the difference was 0.84 (0.77 - 0.90) and 0.83 (0.75 - 0.89), respectively. Intraobserver reliability was high. CONCLUSION: The described method is reproducible and applicable even when the radial tubercle has a rounded contour

Development of the Avoidance Daily Activities Photo Scale for Patients With Shoulder Pain

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop the Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale (ADAP shoulder scale) to measure shoulder pain-related avoidance behavior in patients with shoulder pain and evaluate and report the structural validity and internal consistency of the scale. METHODS: Potential daily activities involving the shoulder were selected from the activities and participation domain of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The selected activities were presented to an expert panel, health care professionals, and patients with shoulder pain with the question, "How much do you think it is important to ask patients with shoulder pain about this activity?" Activities attaining a content validity index (CVI) of ≥0.8 were represented using a digitally colored photograph. Activity photographs were evaluated by health care professionals and patients with shoulder pain. Photographs with a CVI of ≥0.8 were included in the scale. To evaluate structural validity and internal consistency of the scale, exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the presence of any scale domain. Cronbach alpha was calculated to indicate the internal consistency of each domain. RESULTS: Of the 107 preselected activities, 21 attained a CVI of ≥0.8. Eighteen photographs (CVI ≥ 0.8) were included in the scale after being analyzed by 120 health care professionals and 50 patients with shoulder pain. Exploratory factor analysis (N = 156) showed that the ADAP shoulder scale consists of 3 domains: "free movement," "high effort," and "self-care." The internal consistencies of the domains were 0.92, 0.89, and 0.92, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ADAP shoulder scale included 15 photographs distributed in 3 domains. All domains had a high internal consistency. The scale is easily applicable, well understood, and relevant for shoulder pain. IMPACT: The ADAP Shoulder Scale can be used to rate shoulder pain-related avoidance behaviors

Reliability and Validity of the Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale for Patients with Shoulder Pain (ADAP Shoulder Scale)

Objective: The Avoidance of Daily Activities Photo Scale for Patients With Shoulder Pain (ADAP Shoulder Scale) was developed to assess pain-related avoidance behavior during daily activities in people with shoulder pain. However, its measurement properties must be verified according to international guidelines. As such, this study investigated the following 4 measurement properties of the ADAP Shoulder Scale: reliability, measurement errors, convergent validity, and floor and ceiling effects. Methods: The sample comprised 100 individuals with chronic shoulder pain (43 men and 57 women; mean duration of symptoms of 29.7 [SD = 89.0] months; mean age of 44.9 [SD = 15.9] years). The mean test–retest reliability range was 5 days via the ICC. Measurement errors included the standard error of measurement and the minimal detectable change. Convergent validity was analyzed by applying the Pearson correlation with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index. Results: The ADAP Shoulder Scale showed excellent test–retest reliability, both in all domains and in the total score [ICC(2,1) = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.92–0.96]. The standard errors of measurement for the free-movement, high-effort, and self-care domains were 8.1%, 6.0%, and 7.6%, respectively. The minimal detectable change for the total score of the ADAP Shoulder Scale was 16.0%. The total score of the ADAP Shoulder Scale was low to moderately correlated with the total scores of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (r = 0.52), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (r = 0.30), and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (r = 0.72). No floor or ceiling effects were detected in the total score. Conclusions: The ADAP Shoulder Scale is a reliable, valid instrument for assessing avoidance behavior in adults who have chronic shoulder pain and are not athletes. Impact: This study provides evidence that the ADAP Shoulder Scale is appropriate for clinical and practical use in people with chronic shoulder pain