Myeloid cell responses after spinal cord injury

The work done in the authors labs were supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-14828 and MOP-142231), and the MS Society of Canada (#2112) (SD); Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation (WFL-US-13/16), and Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment (5520363) (AK); and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiiveness (SAF2016-79774-R), International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia (P148), Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation (WFL-ES-14/17) and by funds from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria of Spain (TERCEL and CIBERNED) (RLV). We also wish to thank our many collaborators. The past decade has revealed much about the complexity of the local inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI). A major challenge is to distinguish between microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to determine their phenotype and function. Transcriptome studies have revealed microglia-selective genes but are still limited in scope because many markers are downregulated after injury. Additionally, new genetic reporter mice are available to study microglia and MDMs. There is more evidence now for the plasticity and heterogeneity of microglia and MDMs. We also discuss the role of neutrophils that are the first peripheral cells to enter the injured CNS.Altres ajuts: International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia: WFL-ES-14/17, P148; Wings for Life: WFL-US-13/16; Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment: 5520363; MS Society of Canada: 2112; Canadian Institutes of Health Research:MOP-14828, MOP-14223

Percepción musical y funciones cognitivas. ¿Existe el efecto Mozart?

Introduction. Throughout the second half of the 20th century important advances were made in the study of neurobiology related to the processing of music, the differences and similarities between the neural pathways involved in language and in music, the role played by each hemisphere in recognising these stimuli, and the effects that exposure to certain specific pieces of music could have on the cognitive functions. Development. The objective of this study is to review the literature concerning music and the central nervous system, bearing in mind the above-mentioned aspects. Likewise, we also wanted to analyse the reports referring to the Mozart effect and Tomatis, in addition to those dealing with formal musical education and its effects. The increased capacity to respond in visuospatial-type tasks after exposure to music by Mozart has triggered a commercial boom which makes use of isolated data, while the real extent of the effect remains unknown. Conclusions. After reviewing the scientific literature on this subject, it was found that the effects of exposure to music by Mozart (the 'Mozart effect') when they actually occurred, were limited to a specific skill that did not last for more than a few minutes. Formal musical education, on the other hand, shows more permanent positive effects but which can be attributed to the individual attention the pupil receives and to the stimulation in basic skills for general learning. © 2004, Revista De Neurología

Myeloid cell responses after spinal cord injury

The work done in the authors labs were supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP-14828 and MOP-142231), and the MS Society of Canada (#2112) (SD); Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation (WFL-US-13/16), and Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment (5520363) (AK); and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiiveness (SAF2016-79774-R), International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia (P148), Wings for Life Spinal Cord Research Foundation (WFL-ES-14/17) and by funds from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria of Spain (TERCEL and CIBERNED) (RLV). We also wish to thank our many collaborators. The past decade has revealed much about the complexity of the local inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI). A major challenge is to distinguish between microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to determine their phenotype and function. Transcriptome studies have revealed microglia-selective genes but are still limited in scope because many markers are downregulated after injury. Additionally, new genetic reporter mice are available to study microglia and MDMs. There is more evidence now for the plasticity and heterogeneity of microglia and MDMs. We also discuss the role of neutrophils that are the first peripheral cells to enter the injured CNS.Altres ajuts: International Foundation for Research in Paraplegia: WFL-ES-14/17, P148; Wings for Life: WFL-US-13/16; Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment: 5520363; MS Society of Canada: 2112; Canadian Institutes of Health Research:MOP-14828, MOP-14223