REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN BULGARIA TODAY: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHALLENGES

To accelerate Bulgaria's economic development taking into account the specific characteristics of their regions is a serious challenge for the local governments in the country. The ongoing political and economic changes require a reassessment of the country's economic development. The aim of this study was to analyse the disparities among Bulgaria’s regions (defined in accordance with the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS)) by assessing the degree of economic, social and demographic challenges they face and performing a multivariate comparative analysis with sets of statistically significant indicators. The analysis clearly outlines the boundaries of the regional disparities and the need to improve the country’s regional and cohesion policies

The Financial Transparency Of Bulgaria’s Municipalities Within The European Economic Digitalization

Digitalization is among the main priorities of the EU set in the Europe 2030 strategy; Bulgaria and Bulgaria’s municipalities are direct participants in this process. The global COVID-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020 positively reflects the process of digitalization including the public sector and local self-government as the effects of it are of varying intensity. The research ascertains that the process of adjustment of the financial and budget transparency of the municipalities to modern digital solutions has resulted in a significant difference in the implementation of the concept of European economic digitalization among the various administrative units in the country. This requires the improvement of the process of digitalization which is of utmost significance for the private sector; it also necessitates taking efficient measures for the formation of favorable business environment; citizens shall also be taken into account with a view of facilitating them in performing their administrative duties

Индиректни композитни фасети

Вовед: Фасетите преставуваат високо естетски реставрации кои како тенок слој од композит или керамика се поставуваат на површините на забите за да ја подобрат формата, големината и/или бојата на забот, и бараат минимална препарација на забот или пак се изработуваат на потполно интактни заби. Цел: Да прикажеме метод за изработка на фасети на индиректен начин со употреба на специјален заботехнички композит. Материјал и метод: За постигнување на целта беа евалуирани два пациенти кои бараа корекции на насмевката. По завршениот клинички преглед и земањето на анатомски отпечатоци излеавме студио модели, за да направиме дијагностичко навосочување и анализа на ситуацијата. Кај првиот пациент, 47 годишна жена заклучивме дека е потребно изработка на фасетки без препарација поради присуството на повеќекратни дијастеми во интерканиниот сектор. Kaj вториот пациент 34 годишна жена, најправо саниравме кариес четврта класа на горниот лев централен инцизив, а потоа со оглед отсуството на простор беше направена минимална препарација на инцизивите и канините но без стапалка. По земањето на дефинитивниот отпечаток излеавме работни модели и на нив изработивме 12 композитни фасети со микрополнет композит со двоен начин на полимеризација светлосна и термичка, Adoro ® (Ivoclar Vivadent). Заклучок: Изработката на индиректни композитни фасети со ваков тип на композит се покажа како соодветен метод, поради економичноста, лесното цементирање, добрите физички карактеристики на материјалот, заштедата на забна супстанца и лесната изработка

Pharmaceutical care for patients with postoperative history

Surgical wounds are the most commonly treated wounds in today's global medical practice. Often, patients are not aware of exactly how they should treat their post-surgical wounds at home. A model for pharmaceutical care of patients with postoperative wounds was developed on the basis of literary sources and guidelines. The Life Value (LV) of the patients was evaluated using the generic SF12 v2 instrument.  SF12 v2 was administered to consulted patients and  not consulted patients in a control group. The results showed an improvement in all measured LV scores within the group of the consulted patients. Pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals and with their knowledge and competencies, they can contribute to the process

Treatment with active orthodontic appliance in adult patient

Aim: Showing the efficiency of orthodontic mobile appliance in treatment of adult patient Case summary: The patient A.K. Age 25 years whit forced progenia, bilateral hypodontia of the maxillary incisors and cross bite of 2 mm in front. The patient was treated with active orthodontic appliance whit bitten ridge and down labial arch. The treatment lasted 18 months after which periods is reached normal occlusion with normal overlap in front and closed diastema mediana. The hypodontia of the maxillary lateral incisors is resolved by prosthetic construction. Conclusion: By solving these malocclusions the patient has established normal function of stomathognathic system and the required esthetic in satisfied. This case demonstrates that orthodontic mobile appliance can be used in treatments of adult patient whit significant success

Melatonin inhibits the protein c anticoagulant Pathway in rats

This study examines the influence of melatonin on the PC anticoagulant pathway in rats. The experiment was performed on 52 male white Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g. Animals were equally divided into 4 groups. They were treated in three consecutive days, every 12 hours, subcutaneously: 1st group - with saline solution (solvent for melatonin and luzindole); 2nd group - with melatonin, daily dose 0.2 mg/kg body weight; 3rd group - with luzindole, nonstop dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight; 4th group - melatonin, one hour after pretreatment with luzindole. The required amount of blood was taken under urethane narcosis via direct cardiac puncture. After three days of administration of melatonin, a significant decrease in the antigen concentration of protein C, protein C activity, activated protein C and thrombomodulin was observed. The soluble form of the endothelial receptor for protein C, activity of protein S and free protein S were significantly elevated. The competitive melatonin receptor antagonist - luzindole, when administered alone and in pretreatment, effectively removes the observed effects of melatonin by blocking exogenous, as well as endogenous melatonin. In conclusion, our data give us reason to assume that melatonin significantly reduces the activity of the protein C anticoagulant pathway in rats

Hard Tissue Preservation after Tooth Extraction – a Case Report

Aim: Augmentation of edentulous alveolar ridge defects after tooth extraction can be classified as either hard or soft tissue. Hard tissue augmentation primary facilitate implant placement into bone – deficient ridges. Bones and teeth are the only structures within the body where calcium and phosphate participate as functional pillars. Despite their mineral nature, both organs are vital and dynamic. The aim was to remark the indications for alveolar augmentation after tooth extraction and prior placement of endo osseous dental implants. A case report: Patient 29 years old female visited our clinic. The diagnosis was chronic periodontitis of 36. The treatment plan included tooth extraction and alveolar ridge reconstruction in order to place the implant in a sufficient volume bone. After six months the control x-ray confirmed good bone regeneration and in that mean the implant placement with immediate loading was made. The local process of bone regeneration was stimulated and the chance of a good clinical output was increased. Results: advantages of alveolar ridge augmentation with sufficient bone volume to adjust for uncompromised and esthetic implant placement, renders these procedures more than effective for majority of patients. Conclusion: Surgical reconstruction of the tissues and the procedure of ridge augmentation and subsequent placement of dental implant are necessary

Моќта на ендодонцијата ( case report)

Цел:Целта на овој труд беше да прикажеме успешна терапија на хронични периапикални лезии со не- хируршки ендодонтски ретретман кај заби со повеќе корени. Материјали и метод: Ретроалвеоларен РТГ наод кај 39г. маж кој се јави во нашата ординација со болка на џвакање во долен десен мандибуларен регион покажа присуство на периапикални просветлувања на 46 и 47 и на двата корена, што укажуваше на хроничен периапикален пародонтит. Исто така ренгенграфски се забележуваше и фрактуриран ендодонтски проширувач во МБ корен на 47, несоодветно наполнети коренски канали, метални колчиња во дисталниот канал и на двата молари. Ендодонтскиот ретретман беше спроведен со употреба на дентален микроскоп (Zumax, OMS2350). Коренските канали механички ги обработивме со XP Endo Shaper и XP Endo Finisher, а финалната иригација ја завршивме со 5,25% хипохлорид и 17% ЕДТА. Интерсеансно аплициравме меко полнење со калциум хидроксилен препарат 7 дена. Со техника на топла вертикална концензација (WVC) ги обртуриравме коренските канали. По поставување на фибер глас колчиња во дисталните корени направивме композитно надоградување. Реставрацијата ја завршивме со изработка на циркониумски коронки од Emax Zr Cad MT multi. Резултати: Контролниот РТГ по 6 месеци покажа целосно повлекување на хроничните периапикални лезии, и комплетно изчезнување на перкуторната и мастикаторната болка. Заклучок: Соодветнтно спроведениот ендодонтски ретретман е моќен да направи потполно излекување на хронични периапикални лезии и еден безнадежен случај да го претвори во успех

Hard Tissue Preservation after Tooth Extraction – a Case Report

Aim: Augmentation of edentulous alveolar ridge defects after tooth extraction can be classified as either hard or soft tissue. Hard tissue augmentation primary facilitate implant placement into bone – deficient ridges. Bones and teeth are the only structures within the body where calcium and phosphate participate as functional pillars. Despite their mineral nature, both organs are vital and dynamic. The aim was to remark the indications for alveolar augmentation after tooth extraction and prior placement of endo osseous dental implants. A case report: Patient 29 years old female visited our clinic. The diagnosis was chronic periodontitis of 36. The treatment plan included tooth extraction and alveolar ridge reconstruction in order to place the implant in a sufficient volume bone. After six months the control x-ray confirmed good bone regeneration and in that mean the implant placement with immediate loading was made. The local process of bone regeneration was stimulated and the chance of a good clinical output was increased. Results: advantages of alveolar ridge augmentation with sufficient bone volume to adjust for uncompromised and esthetic implant placement, renders these procedures more than effective for majority of patients. Conclusion: Surgical reconstruction of the tissues and the procedure of ridge augmentation and subsequent placement of dental implant are necessary