Modern requirements to the content selection of teaching physics and mathematics, aimed at the development of design and technical competence of technical university students

© The authors. The research's relevance of the defined in the article problem is due to the fact that when the study of physical-mathematical disciplines the consolidation of the acquired knowledge occurs and the development of skills contribute to their using in manufacture problems' solving in the professional activities of the engineer. In this regard, this article is aimed at the development of modern requirements to the content selection of teaching physics and mathematics, aimed at the development of design and technical competence of technical University students. In the study of this problem the modular competency approach is set out, which allows on the base of the required competencies of future technical specialists to identify the following basic requirements for the selection of the content of teaching physics and mathematics: the disciplines' integrity and fundamentality, systematic and consistent presentation of educational material, problematic and innovativeness of their content, their interdisciplinary, professional orientation, orientation on the formation of logical thinking of students. The article can be useful in selecting and structuring the content of teaching physics and mathematics courses in high school, as well as in the future teachers' training of these disciplines

Роль нейтрофилов в патогенезе ишемического инсульта

Background. Immune responses and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Aim. To analyze the involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.Results. Data on the contribution of neutrophil granulocytes to the development of local sterile inflammation and secondary brain injury in acute ischemic stroke were summarized. Mechanisms of neutrophil influence on thrombosis, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), protease release, and direct interaction with platelets with subsequent formation of platelet-leukocyte aggregates were discussed. Available information on the effectiveness of reperfusion therapy and an association of changes in neutrophil activity with development of infectious complications of stroke were presented. In addition, research data were presented on the contribution of neutrophils to atherogenesis, which is one of the most important etiological factors in ischemic stroke. The review showed that the contribution of neutrophils to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is associated with implementation of their secretory, regulatory, and phagocytic functions, as well as with NETosis.Conclusion. It was shown that neutrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and modulate a response to treatment.Актуальность. Иммунные реакции и воспалительный процесс играют важную роль в патогенезе ишемического инсульта.Цель. На основании научных публикаций проанализировать вовлеченность нейтрофилов в патогенез ишемического инсульта.Результаты. Обобщены данные о вкладе нейтрофильных гранулоцитов в развитие локального асептического воспаления и вторичного повреждения мозга при остром инсульте. Обсуждены механизмы влияния нейтрофилов на процесс тромбообразования, образование нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек (нетоз), высвобождение протеаз и прямое взаимодействие с тромбоцитами с образованием лейкоцитарно-тромбоцитарных агрегатов. Приведены имеющиеся сведения об эффективности реперфузионной терапии, а также ассоциации изменений активности нейтрофилов с развитием инфекционных осложнений инсульта. Представлены данные исследований о вкладе нейтрофилов в атерогенез, являющийся одним из важнейших этиологических факторов ишемического инсульта. Показано, что участие нейтрофилов в патогенезе ишемического инсульта связано с реализацией их секреторных, регуляторных, фагоцитарных функций и с нетозом.Заключение. Установлено, что нейтрофилы принимают активное участие в патогенезе ишемического инсульта и модулируют ответ на лечение

Modern classification and molecular-genetic aspects of osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (imperfect osteogenesis in the Russian literature) is the most common hereditary form of bone fragility, it is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous disease with a wide range of clinical severity, often leading to disability from early childhood. It is based on genetic disorders leading to a violation of the structure of bone tissue, which leads to frequent fractures, impaired growth and posture, with the development of characteristic disabling bone deformities and associated problems, including respiratory, neurological, cardiac, renal impairment, hearing loss. Osteogenesis imperfecta occurs in both men and women, the disease is inherited in both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive types, there are sporadic cases of the disease due to de novomutations, as well as X-linked forms. The term “osteogenesis imperfecta” was coined by W. Vrolick in the 1840s. The first classification of the disease was made in 1979 and has been repeatedly reviewed due to the identification of the molecular cause of the disease and the discovery of new mechanisms for the development of osteogenesis imperfecta. In the early 1980s, mutations in two genes of collagen type I (COL1A1and COL1A2) were first associated with an autosomal dominant inheritance type of osteogenesis imperfecta. Since then, 18 more genes have been identified whose products are involved in the formation and mineralization of bone tissue.  The degree of genetic heterogeneity of the disease has not yet been determined, researchers continue to identify new genes involved in its pathogenesis, the number of which has reached 20. In the last decade, it has become  known that autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant and X-linked mutations in a wide range of genes, encoding  proteins that are involved in the synthesis of type I collagen, its processing, secretion and post-translational modification, as well as in proteins that regulate the differentiation and activity of bone-forming cells, cause imperfect  osteogenesis. A large number of causative genes complicated the classical classification of the disease and, due to new advances in the molecular basis of the disease, the classification of the disease is constantly being improved.  In this review, we systematized and summarized information on the results of studies in the field of clinical and genetic aspects of osteogenesis imperfecta and reflected the current state of the classification criteria for diagnosing the disease

Quest for Methods to Increase Aerobic Capacity in Cyclic Sports

Quest for new techniques to increase the aerobic training of the athletes, attempts to apply the methodology of training for semi-skilled athletes based on increasing of VO2 max (Maximal Oxygen Consumption) in slow twitch muscle fibersВ статье рассмотрены поиски новых методик повышения аэробной подготовки легкоатлетов, попытка применить методику тренировки на спортсменах средней квалификации, основанную на повышении МПК в отдельно взятых медленных мышечных волокна

New Data on the Anomalies of Tailless Amphibians of the Volga Basin

This paper presents new findings on abnormal specimens of amphibians in the Volga basin. Some anomalies have been noted for the first time: macrophthalmia, eardrum anomalies in marsh frogs (P. ridibundus), the absence of a tympanic membrane in green toads and ectromelia in spadefoot Pallas samples (P. vespertinus)

Rhinocerebral Mucormycosis in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus After a New Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19): СT and MRI Patterns Data

Objective: to study the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) manifestations of rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCM) in patients with diabetes mellitus and new coronavirus infection, to develop attentive attitude of radiologists for early detection of this pathology, rapid surgery and followup examinations.Material and methods. Totally 53 head (facial skull, soft facial tissues and brain) CT and MRI studies were performed in 13 patients with RCM. The number of CT and MRI studies varied from 1 to 9 per one patient, depending on the severity of his condition and clinical indications; the follow-up period was 1–4 months. All patients received surgical aid; diagnosis was verified by microscopy of surgical samples of excised necrotic tissues. A detailed descriptive analysis of pathological changes on CT and MRI characterizing RCM was carried out. The sequence of pathological signs manifestations was described, the prevalence of the lesion was estimated for planning the scope of surgical intervention. A comparative analysis of the identified RCM signs with the literature data was performed.Results. Lesions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in RCM were found in 100% of our observations, with approximately equal single and bilateral lesions of 54% and 46%, respectively. Lesions of the perimaxillar fatty tissue and pterygoid fossa were determined in 77% of patients, unilateral orbital lesions – in 23%, superior orbital vein and cavernous sinus thrombosis – in 31%, facial soft tissue lesion – in 15.5%, intracranial spread through the perineural spaces – in 7.7%, internal carotid artery arteritis – in 15.5%. Brain substance and meninges involvement in the pathological process was observed in the form of cerebritis in 23% of patients and meningitis in 46%. The formation of brain abscess was noted in follow up examinations in 15.5% of patients, skull bones osteomyelitis was diagnosed in 46%. The mortality rate was 15%. In cases of long-term observation, the manifestations of pathological changes started from the nasal cavity, then spreaded in the perimaxillary adipose tissue and orbit, and were followed by the development of intracranial complications.Conclusion. The accumulated experience in identifying the combination of CT and MRI signs and patterns of RCM combined with clinical and anamnestic data allows to increase the alertness of clinicians and radiologists for earlier diagnosis and selection of the optimal volume of surgical intervention

Electrocatalytic determination of oxalate ions on chemically modified electrodes

The electrocatalytic activity with respect to oxalate ions of spongy osmium immobilized within a carbon-paste electrode was studied. A procedure is proposed for electrocatalytic determination of oxalate ions on a chemically modified electrode based on spongy osmium under conditions of flow-through-injection analysis. © 2001 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica"

ЦИРКАДНЫЙ ПРОФИЛЬ АРТЕРИАЛЬНОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ У БОЛЬНЫХ БРОНХИАЛЬНОЙ АСТМОЙ ПРИ КОМОРБИДНОЙ ГИПЕРТОНИЧЕСКОЙ БОЛЕЗНИ

The aim of research is to study the state of circadian arterial tension profile in the patients with bronchial asthma and hypertensive disease as comorbid disease. Materials and methods. The research has been performed at 76 patients with bronchial asthma and hypertensive disease as comorbid disease (the main group) and 52 patients with hypertensive disease as the comparison group. The groups were comparable with respect to the gender and age sign. Investigation was performed in the period of clinical remission. The main method used in this research was the investigation of day arterial tension profile in the time of its monitoring. Results. It has been revealed the presence of frequent and expressed change from the side of the studied indexes, especially in the patients with comorbid pathology, which were characterized by more frequent and more significant disorders from the side of diastolic blood pressure, especially at night in combination with more considerable and more rapid rise in early morning hours. The day arterial tension profile was characterized either with insufficient decline of arterial pressure at night or, opposite, with its sharp decrease. Specified disorders were increased as far as heaving of main and comorbid diseases, presence of disorders from the side of lipid exchange were not related to the phase of bronchial asthma (remission, exacerbation) and level of its flow control. Цель  исследования – изучение состояния циркадного профиля артериального давления у больных бронхиальной астмой, имеющих в качестве коморбидного заболевания гипертоническую болезнь. Материал и методы. Исследование выполнено у 76 больных бронхиальной астмой, имеющих в качестве коморбидного заболевания бронхиальную астму, (основная группа) и 52 больных с гипертонической болезнью (группа сравнения). Группы были сопоставимы по половому и возрастному признаку. Обследование выполнялось в период клинической ремиссии. Основной метод исследования – изучение суточного профиля артериального давления, получаемого в ходе суточного мониторирования последнего. Результаты. Выявлено наличие частого и выраженного изменения со стороны изучаемых показателей, особенно у пациентов с коморбидной патологией, для которых характерно более частое и более значимое нарушение со стороны диастолического артериального давления, особенно ночью, в сочетании с более значительным и быстрым его подъемом в ранние утренние часы. Суточный профиль артериального давления характеризовался либо недостаточным снижением артериального давления ночью, либо, напротив, его резким снижением. Указанные нарушения возрастали по мере утяжеления основного и коморбидного заболевания, наличия нарушений со стороны липидного обмена и не были связаны с фазой бронхиальной астмы (ремиссия, обострение) и уровнем контроля ее течения

Melaphen, malamine, and bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid. Acid-base properties and behavior in the presence of some metal cations

By means of pH-metry, spectrophotometry, and mathematical modelling of equilibria (CPESSP program) the composition and acid-base properties of melaphen and its components, melamine and bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid were studied. Bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid in water solutions is associated by formation of hydrogen bonds and exists as a trimer, and also as the protonated and deprotonated dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric anionic forms. In the melamine water solutions additionally to the known previously mono-, di-, and triprotonated cations the monoprotonated dimeric particle is found. Interaction of the melaphen components, bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid and melamine, in water solutions leads to formation of stable formally non-charged particles of the 1:1 and 2:2 composition and the deprotonated associate with 1:1 component ratio. Behavior of the compounds under study in water solutions in the presence of typical complex formers such as the two-charged cations of d-elements and lanthanum(III) is considered. Under the conditions of experiment no noticeable complex formation between melaphen, melamine, and bis(hydroxymethyl)phosphinic acid with cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, magnesium, and lanthanum was observed. Adequate description of the pH-metric experimental data for the copper(II)-melamine system is achieved by consideration of formation of the hydroxocopper(II) cation. The equilibral processes revealed are characterized quantitatively. © 2009 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Cocrystallization of diastereomers in the series of 2(5H)-furanone bis-thioethers based on 1,2-phenylenedimethanethiol

© 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.Crystallization of diastereomeric mixtures of 2(5H)-furanone bis-thioethers, in the molecules of which two unsaturated γ-lactone rings are bound by 1,2-phenylenedimethanethiol bridge through their carbon atoms C(4), was studied. A rare case of cocrystallization of meso- and d,l-diastereomers for bis-thioethers with the small-size methoxy or hydroxy substituents at the asymmetric carbon atom was observed