Paisaje turístico: mercancía y estereotipo de la experiencia y su imagen

Como consecuencia de un sistema de producción y consumo capitalista en el que todos nos vemos obligados a vivir como única deriva posible, nos encontramos ante un entorno social y económico que produce un público con déficit de atención ante la realidad que acontece. El paisaje y nuestra identidad han sido fagocitadas por las pautas prestablecidas que acontecen dentro del fenómeno turístico, viéndonos forzados a adaptarnos a las exigencias del mercado. Desde esta perspectiva el paisaje ha cristalizado en imagen para ser consumida, ya sea como objeto reproducible o como espacio puesto en valor para ser consumidos por el turista. A partir de un primer acercamiento al concepto del paisaje, analizaremos cómo éste ha dejado de ser un simple término fundamentado en el reconocimiento del entorno físico para convertirse más que nunca en una mercancía. A su vez, rastrearemos las principales estrategias que establece la publicidad turística a la hora de consumir el paisaje, la asunción de la experiencia estereotipada asociada al consumo de ésta, así como algunas de las características propias de la imagen turística.As result of a capitalist system of production and consumption in which we are all forced to live as only possible drift, we are faced with a social and economic context that produces an audience with attention deficit given the reality that happens. The landscape and our identity have been gobbled by the present guidelines that occur within the tourism phenomenon, seeing us forced to adapt to the market requirements. From this perspective the landscape has crystallized in image to be consumed, either as a reproducible object or as space valued to be consumed by tourists. Beginning with an approach to the landscape concept, we will analyse how it has ceased to be a simple term based on the recognition of the physical environment to become more than ever a commodity. In turn, we will track the main strategies that tourist advertising establishes when consuming the landscape, the assumption of the stereotypical experience associated with its consumption as well as some of the characteristics of the tourist image

Soportes y textos performativos de la creación emergente contemporánea: María Alcaide

Throughout her young career, the visual artist María Alcaide has used the written word in a considerable number of productions. Since the bound publication to the fanzine and passing through supports such as the poster. This article analyzes some of these proposals that will be approached from their potential as tools for the extension of the performative nature of their work. Whether as evidence of previous actions, as complementary material to her installation projects or as unique pieces, these materials represent an original testimony that connects the artist with the ways of doing things and the concerns of the artists of her generation. At the same time, these are linked to the most absolute contemporaneity in which not only the text but also its orality plays a meaningful role.; A lo largo de su joven trayectoria, la artista visual María Alcaide ha recurrido a la palabra escrita en un considerable número de producciones. Desde la publicación encuadernada al fanzine pasando por soportes como el cartel, en este artículo se analizan algunas de estas propuestas que serán abordadas desde su potencialidad como herramientas para la extensión del carácter performativo de su trabajo. Bien como evidencias de acciones previas, como material complementario a sus proyectos instalativos o como piezas únicas, estos materiales suponen un testimonio original que conectan a la artista con los modos de hacer y las preocupaciones de los artistas de su generación, en línea con la más absoluta contemporaneidad donde no solo el texto, sino su oralidad juega un papel significativo

Knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and habits towards antibiotics dispensed without medical prescription: a qualitative study of Spanish pharmacists

Objective To investigate community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and habits with regard to antibiotic dispensing without medical prescription in Spain. Methods A qualitative research using focus group method (FG) in Galicia (north-west Spain). FG sessions were conducted in the presence of a moderator. A topic script was developed to lead the discussions, which were audiorecorded to facilitate data interpretation and transcription. Proceedings were transcribed by an independent researcher and interpreted by two researchers working independently. We used the Grounded Theory approach. Setting Community pharmacies in Galicia, region Norwest of Spain. Participants Thirty pharmacists agreed to participate in the study, and a total of five FG sessions were conducted with 2–11 pharmacists. We sought to ensure a high degree of heterogeneity in the composition of the groups to improve our study's external validity. Pharmacists’ participation had no gender or age restrictions, and an effort was made to form FGs with pharmacists who were both owners and non-owners, provided in all cases that they were Official Colleges of Pharmacists-registered community pharmacists. For the purpose of conducting FG discussions, the basic methodological principle of allowing groups to attain their ‘own structural identity’ was applied. Main outcome measurements Community pharmacists’ habits and knowledge with regard to antibiotics and identification of the attitudes and/or factors that influence antibiotic dispensing without medical prescription. Results Pharmacists attributed the problem of antibiotics dispensed without medical prescription and its relationship to antibiotic resistance to the following attitudes: external responsibility (doctors, dentists and the National Health Service (NHS)); acquiescence; indifference and lack of continuing education. Conclusions Despite being a problem, antibiotic dispensing without a medical prescription is still a common practice in community pharmacies in Galicia, Spain. This practice is attributed to acquiescence, indifference and lack of continuing education. The problem of resistance was ascribed to external responsibility, including that of patients, physicians, dentists and the NHS.S

Monitorización de la presión intracraneal en traumatismo craneoencefálico severo

ResumenIntroducciónEl traumatismo craneoencefálico severo (TCES) es una entidad grave. La monitorización de la presión intracraneal (PIC) permite dirigir el tratamiento, el cual es de limitado acceso en países en vías de desarrollo.ObjetivoDescribir la experiencia clínica de pacientes pediátricos con TCES.Pacientes y métodoSe incluyeron pacientes con TCES, edad entre 1 y 17 años, previo consentimiento informado de los padres y/o tutores. Se excluyeron pacientes con enfermedades crónicas o retraso psicomotor. Los pacientes ingresaron desde el Servicio de Urgencia, donde se les realizó scanner cerebral (TAC), clasificándose las lesiones por Escala de Marshall. Los pacientes fueron divididos en 2 grupos según criterio neuroquirúrgico: con monitorización (CM) y sin monitorización (SM) de presión intracraneana. La monitorización de la PIC se realizó a través de un catéter intraparenquimatoso 3PN Spiegelberg conectado a un monitor Spiegelberg HDM 26. Los pacientes fueron tratados de acuerdo a las guías pediátricas para TCES. Se consideró la supervivencia como los días transcurridos entre el ingreso hospitalario y el fallecimiento, o su evaluación por Escala de Glasgow para un seguimiento de 6 meses.ResultadosCuarenta y dos pacientes (CM = 14 y SM= 28). Aquellos con monitorización tenían menor puntuación de la escala de coma de Glasgow y clasificación de Marshall con peor pronóstico. En ellos la supervivencia fue menor y el resultado moderado a bueno. No se registraron complicaciones con el uso del catéter de PIC.ConclusiónPacientes con monitorización tuvieron mayor gravedad al ingreso y una mayor mortalidad; sin embargo, el resultado funcional de los sobrevivientes fue de moderado a bueno. Se requiere de la realización de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados para definir el impacto de la monitorización de la PIC en la supervivencia y calidad de vida en estos pacientes.AbstractIntroductionSevere traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious condition. Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring can be used to direct treatment, which is of limited access in developing countries.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical experience of pediatric patients with severe TBI.Patients and MethodA clinical experience in patients with severe TBI was conducted. Age was 1–17 years, exclusion criteria were chronic illness and psicomotor retardation. Informed consent was obtained in each case. Two groups were formed based on the criterion of neurosurgeons: with and without intracraneal pressure (ICP) monitoring. PIC monitoring was performed through a 3PN Spiegelberg catheter and a Spiegelberg HDM 26 monitor. Patients were treated according international pediatric guides. The characteristics of both groups are described at 6 months of follow-up.ResultsForty-two patients (CM=14 and SM=28). Those in the CM Group had lower Glasgow coma scale score and Marshall classification with poorer prognosis. Among them survival rate was lower, although the outcome was from moderate to good. No complications were reported with the use of the ICP catheter.ConclusionPatients with ICP monitoring had greater severity at admission and an increased mortality; however, the outcome for the survivors was from moderate to good. It is necessary to conduct randomized clinical trials to define the impact of ICP monitoring on survival and quality of life in severe TBI patients

Magnitude and determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Spain: a simulated patient study

OBJECTIVES: Excessive and inappropriate use of antibiotics increases antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and determinants of antibiotic dispensing without prescription in Spain by the simulated patient technique. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with all the pharmacies in a region of north-west Spain (n = 977), between December 2016 and January 2017. Four actors visited the pharmacies simulating a respiratory infection. Four incremental levels of pressure were used to obtain an antibiotic. The education and sex of the person who was dispensing and the area where the pharmacy was located were recorded. The effect of these independent variables on the dispensing of an antibiotic without prescription (1 = yes, 0 = no) was modelled by logistic regression. RESULTS: An antibiotic was obtained in 18.83% (95% CI = 16.5%-21.41%) of the visits. The area influenced the dispensing of antibiotics without a medical prescription, with a greater likelihood of dispensing in rural (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.20-2.68) or semi-rural (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.13-2.44) areas than in urban areas. No association was found with the sex or the training of the person who dispensed the antibiotic. In the pharmacies in urban areas, a lower level of pressure was needed to obtain the antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that one-fifth of the pharmacies still dispense antibiotics without prescription, especially under patient pressure. A rural setting has been identified as a risk factor for dispensing without prescription, so it must be taken into account for future interventions.Fondo de Investigación SanitariaInstituto de Salud Carlos II

Mathematical questionnaires through the virtual platform

Las plataformas virtuales permiten realizar numerosas innovaciones docentes, algunas de ellas orientadas a la consolidación de conceptos. Partiendo de las herramientas disponibles en la plataforma virtual WebCT, hemos seleccionado la herramienta “Evaluación” para crear un cuestionario sobre la asignatura Matemáticas II del Grado en Administración y Dirección de Empresas. Se ha planteado de forma que permita al alumno recordar y consolidar aquellos conceptos matemáticos previos que resultan indispensables para la teoría de Optimización que se imparte en esta asignatura, y facilite el desarrollo de sus competencias específicas junto a otras capacidades tales como el autoaprendizaje y la autoevaluación.Virtual platforms allow for numerous teaching innovations, some of them aimed at consolidation of concepts. Based on the tools available on the virtual platform WebCT, we have selected the tool called "evaluation" to create a questionnaire on the course Mathematics II for Business Administration and Management. It has been proposed to allow the student to remember those mathematical basic concepts that are necessary for optimization theory that is taught in this course, and facilitate the development of specific skills of the subject along with other abilities such as self- instruction and self-evaluation

High expression of antiviral proteins in mucosa from individuals exhibiting resistance to human immunodeficiency virus

ABSTARCT: Several soluble factors have been reported to have the capacity of inhibiting HIV replication at different steps of the virus life cycle, without eliminating infected cells and through enhancement of specific cellular mechanisms. Yet, it is unclear if these antiviral factors play a role in the protection from HIV infection or in the control of viral replication. Here we evaluated two cohorts: i) one of 58 HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs) who were compared with 59 healthy controls (HCs), and ii) another of 13 HIV-controllers who were compared with 20 HIV-progressors. Peripheral blood, oral and genital mucosa and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) samples were obtained to analyze the mRNA expression of ELAFIN, APOBEC3G, SAMHD1, TRIM5α, RNase 7 and SerpinA1 using real-time PCR. RESULTS: HESNs exhibited higher expression of all antiviral factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), oral or genital mucosa when compared with HCs. Furthermore, HIV-controllers exhibited higher levels of SerpinA1 in GALT. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the activity of these factors is compartmentalized and that these proteins have a predominant role depending on the tissue to avoid the infection, reduce the viral load and modulate the susceptibility to HIV infection