Mídia, escola e leitura crítica do mundo Media, school and critical reading of the world

O texto faz uma reflexão sobre o uso da imprensa na sala de aula e sua relação com o processo de aprendizagem. Questiona a excessiva inserção de fragmentos do discurso jornalístico nos livros didáticos em detrimento de outros gêneros. Discute a qualidade da narrativa jornalística e os riscos que ela encerra se não houver uma leitura crítica da mídia. Defende a necessidade de trabalho integrado entre educadores e jornalistas para a real compreensão do processo de produção da imprensa, construção da linguagem e da linha editorial dos veículos de comunicação.<br>This paper focuses on the classroom use of newspaper and magazine texts and its connection with the learning process. It criticizes the excessive usage of fragments of journalistic discourse in school textbooks, to the detriment of other text forms. The quality of journalistic narration is questioned and the risks incumbent on an acritical reading of the media. It advocates the necessity of cooperation between educators and journalists to foster an effective understanding of the news production process, to improve language construction, and to generate awareness of the media's editorial lines and policies

Odanacatib for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: results of the LOFT multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial and LOFT Extension Study

Background: Odanacatib, a cathepsin K inhibitor, reduces bone resorption while maintaining bone formation. Previous work has shown that odanacatib increases bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of odanacatib to reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Methods: The Long-term Odanacatib Fracture Trial (LOFT) was a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled, event-driven study at 388 outpatient clinics in 40 countries. Eligible participants were women aged at least 65 years who were postmenopausal for 5 years or more, with a femoral neck or total hip bone mineral density T-score between –2·5 and –4·0 if no previous radiographic vertebral fracture, or between –1·5 and –4·0 with a previous vertebral fracture. Women with a previous hip fracture, more than one vertebral fracture, or a T-score of less than –4·0 at the total hip or femoral neck were not eligible unless they were unable or unwilling to use approved osteoporosis treatment. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either oral odanacatib (50 mg once per week) or matching placebo. Randomisation was done using an interactive voice recognition system after stratification for previous radiographic vertebral fracture, and treatment was masked to study participants, investigators and their staff, and sponsor personnel. If the study completed before 5 years of double-blind treatment, consenting participants could enrol in a double-blind extension study (LOFT Extension), continuing their original treatment assignment for up to 5 years from randomisation. Primary endpoints were incidence of vertebral fractures as assessed using radiographs collected at baseline, 6 and 12 months, yearly, and at final study visit in participants for whom evaluable radiograph images were available at baseline and at least one other timepoint, and hip and non-vertebral fractures adjudicated as being a result of osteoporosis as assessed by clinical history and radiograph. Safety was assessed in participants who received at least one dose of study drug. The adjudicated cardiovascular safety endpoints were a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, and new-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter. Individual cardiovascular endpoints and death were also assessed. LOFT and LOFT Extension are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT00529373) and the European Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT number 2007-002693-66). Findings: Between Sept 14, 2007, and Nov 17, 2009, we randomly assigned 16 071 evaluable patients to treatment: 8043 to odanacatib and 8028 to placebo. After a median follow-up of 36·5 months (IQR 34·43–40·15) 4297 women assigned to odanacatib and 3960 assigned to placebo enrolled in LOFT Extension (total median follow-up 47·6 months, IQR 35·45–60·06). In LOFT, cumulative incidence of primary outcomes for odanacatib versus placebo were: radiographic vertebral fractures 3·7% (251/6770) versus 7·8% (542/6910), hazard ratio (HR) 0·46, 95% CI 0·40–0·53; hip fractures 0·8% (65/8043) versus 1·6% (125/8028), 0·53, 0·39–0·71; non-vertebral fractures 5·1% (412/8043) versus 6·7% (541/8028), 0·77, 0·68–0·87; all p<0·0001. Combined results from LOFT plus LOFT Extension for cumulative incidence of primary outcomes for odanacatib versus placebo were: radiographic vertebral fractures 4·9% (341/6909) versus 9·6% (675/7011), HR 0·48, 95% CI 0·42–0·55; hip fractures 1·1% (86/8043) versus 2·0% (162/8028), 0·52, 0·40–0·67; non-vertebral fractures 6·4% (512/8043) versus 8·4% (675/8028), 0·74, 0·66–0·83; all p<0·0001. In LOFT, the composite cardiovascular endpoint of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke occurred in 273 (3·4%) of 8043 patients in the odanacatib group versus 245 (3·1%) of 8028 in the placebo group (HR 1·12, 95% CI 0·95–1·34; p=0·18). New-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter occurred in 112 (1·4%) of 8043 patients in the odanacatib group versus 96 (1·2%) of 8028 in the placebo group (HR 1·18, 0·90–1·55; p=0·24). Odanacatib was associated with an increased risk of stroke (1·7% [136/8043] vs 1·3% [104/8028], HR 1·32, 1·02–1·70; p=0·034), but not myocardial infarction (0·7% [60/8043] vs 0·9% [74/8028], HR 0·82, 0·58–1·15; p=0·26). The HR for all-cause mortality was 1·13 (5·0% [401/8043] vs 4·4% [356/8028], 0·98–1·30; p=0·10).When data from LOFT Extension were included, the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke occurred in significantly more patients in the odanacatib group than in the placebo group (401 [5·0%] of 8043 vs 343 [4·3%] of 8028, HR 1·17, 1·02–1·36; p=0·029, as did stroke (2·3% [187/8043] vs 1·7% [137/8028], HR 1·37, 1·10–1·71; p=0·0051). Interpretation: Odanacatib reduced the risk of fracture, but was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, specifically stroke, in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Based on the overall balance between benefit and risk, the study’s sponsor decided that they would no longer pursue development of odanacatib for treatment of osteoporosis

New direction in nanotube science

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Seroprevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II and other perinatally-transmitted pathogens in Salvador, Bahia Soroprevalência do HIV, HTLV-I/II e outros patógenos de transmissão perinatal em Salvador, Bahia

Generation of epidemiological data on perinatally-transmitted infections is a fundamental tool for the formulation of health policies. In Brazil, this information is scarce, particularly in Northeast, the poorest region of the country. In order to gain some insights of the problem we studied the seroprevalence of some perinatally-transmitted infections in 1,024 low income pregnant women in Salvador, Bahia. The prevalences were as follow: HIV-1 (0.10%), HTLV-I/II (0.88%), T.cruzi (2.34%). T.pallidum (3.91%), rubella virus (77.44%). T.gondii IgM (2.87%) and IgG (69.34%), HBs Ag (0.6%) and anti-HBs (7.62%). Rubella virus and T.gondii IgG antibodies were present in more than two thirds of pregnant women but antibodies against other pathogens were present at much lower rates. We found that the prevalence of HTLV-I/II was nine times higher than that found for HIV-1. In some cases such as T.cruzi and hepatitis B infection there was a decrease in the prevalence over the years. On the other hand, there was an increase in the seroprevalence of T.gondii infection. Our data strongly recommend mandatory screening tests for HTLV-I/II, T.gondii (IgM), T.pallidum and rubella virus in prenatal routine for pregnant women in Salvador. Screening test for T.cruzi, hepatitis and HIV-1 is recommended whenever risk factors associated with these infections are suspected. However in areas with high prevalence for these infections, the mandatory screening test in prenatal care should be considered.<br>A obtenção de dados epidemiológicos é de fundamental importância para o estabelecimento de políticas em Saúde Pública. No Brasil, essas informações são escassas, principalmente na região Nordeste. Para se obter alguns destes dados, avaliamos a soroprevalência de algumas infecções de transmissão perinatal, em cerca de 1024 gestantes de baixa renda, em Salvador, Bahia. Os resultados encontrados foram os seguintes: HIV-1 (0,10%), HTLV-I/II (0,88%), T.cruzi (2,34%), T.pallidum (3,91%), vírus da rubéola (77,44%), IgM e IgG para T.gondii (2,87% e 69,34%, respectivamente), e antígenos e anticorpos de superfície (HBs Ag e anti-HBs) do vírus da hepatite B (0,6% e 7,62%, respectivamente). A prevalência de HTLV-I/II foi nove vezes maior do que aquela observada para o HIV-1. Constatou-se um decréscimo na prevalência das infecções causadas pelos T.cruzi e o vírus da hepatite B, em relação a anos anteriores, enquanto na infecção pelo T.gondii houve um aumento. Em função dos dados encontrados recomendamos que em Salvador, testes de triagem para HTLV-I, IgM, para T.gondii, T.pallidum e o vírus da rubéola, sejam feitos como rotina prenatal, e que triagens para T.cruzi, hepatite B e HIV-1 sejam feitas quando estiverem presentes fatores de risco associados a estas infecções. Entretanto, em áreas com altas taxas de prevalência para estas infecções, a triagem no prenatal deve ser considerada

O agente comunitário de saúde e aconsolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde: reflexões contemporâneas The community health agent and the consolidation of the Unified Health System: contemporary reflections

Os agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) são personagens-chave na implantação de políticas voltadas para a reorientação do modelo de saúde, tendo como base a atenção primária. Este estudo apresenta uma revisão de literatura, dirigida à análise crítica sobre a contribuição deste profissional para a consolidação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Considerando que as concepções acerca do processo saúde-doença dão sentido à prática sanitária e às ações dos profissionais de saúde, inicialmente discutiu-se a evolução dos paradigmas sanitários e a influência das correntes de pensamentos neste processo, apresentando as principais diferenças entre o paradigma flexneriano e o paradigma da produção social da saúde. Neste contexto, o SUS desponta como um novo sistema de saúde, com princípios e diretrizes que configuram o Programa Saúde da Família como estratégia revolucionária, por apresentar respostas aos problemas não solucionados pelo sistema sanitário hegemônico, baseado no paradigma até então dominante. Assim, por colocar em foco o cuidado, a atenção primária, a prática sanitária da vigilância à saúde e o trabalho em equipe multiprofissional, a formação dos profissionais para a abordagem do processo saúde-doença com enfoque em saúde da família surge como desafio para o êxito do modelo sanitário proposto. Destarte, a reflexão crítica sobre a função do ACS aponta para conflitos entre pressupostos teóricos do modelo e a prática deste profissional, destacando a necessidade de capacitação permanente, crítico-reflexiva e baseada em metodologias problematizadoras, como estratégia de potencialização para a efetiva mudança do modelo de saúde, no contexto da práxis do PSF.<br>The community health agents (ACS) are key players in the implementation of policies related to the reorientation of health model, based on primary care. This study presents a literature review, led to critical analysis on the contribution of this work for the consolidation of the Unified Health System (SUS). Whereas the conception of health-disease process gives meaning to the practice and actions of health professionals, first we discussed the evolution of the paradigms of health and the influence of currents of thought in this process, presenting the main differences between the paradigm and Flexnerian paradigm of social production of health. In this context, the SUS emerged as a new health system, with principles and guidelines that make up the Family Health Program a revolutionary strategy which presents answers to the unsolved problems by the hegemonic health system, based on the paradigm dominant so far. So, focusing on care, primary care, health surveillance practices and multi-professional teamwork, professional training to address the health-disease process with a focus on family health poses a challenge to the success of the proposed public health model. Thus, critical reflection on the role of the ACS points to conflicts between the theoretical model and professional practice, highlighting the need for ongoing training, critical and reflective and based on questionable methodology, such as augmentation strategy for the effective change in the health model in the context of the praxis of the Family Health Program