Impact of acclimatization system on zootechnical performance and thermal comfort in young broiler chickens.

Resumo: Controlar a temperatura ambiente dos galpões é frequentemente difícil para os criadores; no entanto, é muito importante que o alojamento proporcione um ambiente térmico confortável para os pintinhos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar aspectos ambientais de dois sistemas de criação em frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias, bem como a produtividade do lote durante o ciclo de produção (1-42 dias). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com dois tipos de galpão: um com sistema de pressão positiva e outro com sistema de pressão negativa. Os pesos médios aos 7, 14, e 21 dias foram medidos, assim como o peso final do abate e a conversão alimentar. Encontramos uma temperatura interna mais alta no sistema de pressão negativa em 7, 14, e 21 dias, mantendo as aves dentro da temperatura considerada ideal para o conforto térmico em suas idades. Em relação à umidade relativa, apenas aos 14 dias houve diferença entre os sistemas, nos quais o sistema de pressão negativa mantinha melhor umidade que o sistema de pressão positiva. Ambos os sistemas mantiveram a temperatura dentro da faixa recomendada para a idade dos pintinhos; no entanto, houve diferenças entre os sistemas nos dias 7 e 21. A umidade da cama mostrou diferença apenas aos 14 dias de idade; no entanto, ambos os sistemas estavam dentro da faixa ideal. As concentrações de amônia nos galpões de aves: não mostraram diferenças entre os dois tipos de tratamento. Também não houve diferenças significativas entre: os sistemas de aclimatação para temperatura da água potável e consumo de água. O peso médio dos pintos de 7 dias diferiu entre os sistemas de aclimatação, com pesos mais altos no sistema de pressão negativa do que no sistema de pressão positiva. Verificamos maior peso médio de abate e menor conversão alimentar em aves de corte criados no sistema de pressão negativa. Concluímos que: o sistema de pressão negativa melhorou o desempenho produtivo de galinhas e melhorou o conforto térmico. Abstract: Regulating room temperature of poultry houses is frequently difficult for breeders; nevertheless, it is very important that housing provides a comfortable thermal environment for chicks. Therefore, the objective of this work was to compare environmental aspects of two rearing systems in broiler chicks aged 1 to 21 days, as well as batch productivity throughout the production cycle (1-42 days). The experimental design was randomized blocks, with two types of shed: one with a positive pressure system and one with negative pressure system. The average weights at 7, 14, and 21 days were measured, as was final slaughter weight and feed conversion. We found a higher internal temperature in the negative pressure system at 7, 14, and 21 days, and maintaining the birds within the temperature considered ideal for thermal comfort at their ages. Regarding relative humidity, only at 14 days was there a difference between the systems, in which the negative pressure system maintained better humidity than did the positive pressure system. Both systems maintained litter temperature within the recommended range for the chicks? ages; however, there were differences between the systems on days 7 and 21. Litter moisture showed a difference only at 14 days of age; however, both systems were within the optimal range. Ammonia concentrations in the poultry houses showed no differences between the two types of treatment. There was also no significant difference between the acclimatization systems for drinking water temperature and water consumption. The average weight of the 7-day-old chicks differed between the acclimatization systems, with higher weights in the negative pressure system than in the positive pressure system. We measured higher average slaughter weight and lower feed conversion in broiler chicks raised in the negative pressure system. We conclude that the negative pressure system enhanced the productive performance of chickens and improved thermal comfort. Resumen: Regular la temperatura ambiente de los gallineros es con frecuencia difícil para los criadores; Sin embargo, es muy importante que la vivienda proporcione un ambiente térmico confortable para los pollitos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar los aspectos ambientales de dos sistemas de cría en pollos de engorde de 1 a 21 días, así como la productividad del lote durante todo el ciclo de producción (1-42 días). El diseño experimental fue bloques al azar, con dos tipos de cobertizo: uno con un sistema de presión positiva y otro con un sistema de presión negativa. Se midieron los pesos promedio a los 7, 14 y 21 días, al igual que el peso final del sacrificio y la conversión alimenticia. Encontramos una temperatura interna más alta en el sistema de presión negativa a los 7, 14 y 21 días, y mantener a las aves dentro de la temperatura considerada ideal para el confort térmico a sus edades. Con respecto a la humedad relativa, solo a los 14 días hubo una diferencia entre los sistemas, en los que el sistema de presión negativa mantuvo una mejor humedad que el sistema de presión positiva. Ambos sistemas mantuvieron la temperatura de la cama dentro del rango recomendado para las edades de los pollitos; sin embargo, hubo diferencias entre los sistemas en los días 7 y 21. La humedad de la camada mostró una diferencia solo a los 14 días de edad; sin embargo, ambos sistemas estaban dentro del rango óptimo. Las concentraciones de amoníaco en los gallineros no mostraron diferencias entre los dos tipos de tratamiento. Tampoco hubo diferencias significativas entre los sistemas de aclimatación para la temperatura del agua potable y el consumo de agua. El peso promedio de los pollitos de 7 días difería entre los sistemas de aclimatación, con pesos más altos en el sistema de presión negativa que en el sistema de presión positiva. Medimos un mayor peso promedio de sacrificio y una menor conversión de alimento en pollos de engorde criados en el sistema de presión negativa. Concluimos que el sistema de presión negativa mejoró el rendimiento productivo de los pollos y mejoró el confort térmico

Industrial egg residue as a calcium source in broiler feed: digestibility and growth performance.

Abstract: Industrial egg residue (IER) possesses substantial concentrations of calcium and crude protein. The objective of this study was to measure the digestibility and performance of broilers when IER was added to the feed. Four treatments were tested, which caused increasing replacement of calcitic limestone by IER (0, 35, 70 and 100%) during a 42-day production cycle. First, total bird excreta were collected from broilers with and without IER, and we determined dry matter digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), calcium, and nitrogen retention. The IER presented 7.5% of crude protein, 31% of calcium, 209 kcal/kg of AME and the digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein, and calcium were calculated at 83.95%, 86.20%, and 67%, respectively. After the digestibility test, the effects of IER on performance, carcass and meat yield were evaluated. No significant differences between the treatments were found in terms of performance (weight gain, feed conversion, consumption, and mortality), and no differences were found in terms of carcass or meat yield. A linear decrease in the percentage of abdominal fat was observed with increasing inclusion of IER in feed. These findings suggest that IER can totally replace limestone (calcium carbonate) in broiler diets

Oregano essential oil in the diet of laying hens in winter reduces lipid peroxidation in yolks and increases shelf life in eggs.

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Interferon-driven brain phenotype in a mouse model of RNaseT2 deficient leukoencephalopathy

Solid state NMR/Biophysical Organic Chemistr

Functional and regulatory profiling of energy metabolism in fission yeast

Background: The control of energy metabolism is fundamental for cell growth and function and anomalies in it are implicated in complex diseases and ageing. Metabolism in yeast cells can be manipulated by supplying different carbon sources: yeast grown on glucose rapidly proliferates by fermentation, analogous to tumour cells growing by aerobic glycolysis, whereas on non-fermentable carbon sources metabolism shifts towards respiration. Results: We screened deletion libraries of fission yeast to identify over 200 genes required for respiratory growth. Growth media and auxotrophic mutants strongly influenced respiratory metabolism. Most genes uncovered in the mutant screens have not been implicated in respiration in budding yeast. We applied gene-expression profiling approaches to compare steady-state fermentative and respiratory growth and to analyse the dynamic adaptation to respiratory growth. The transcript levels of most genes functioning in energy metabolism pathways are coherently tuned, reflecting anticipated differences in metabolic flows between fermenting and respiring cells. We show that acetyl-CoA synthase, rather than citrate lyase, is essential for acetyl-CoA synthesis in fission yeast. We also investigated the transcriptional response to mitochondrial damage by genetic or chemical perturbations, defining a retrograde response that involves the concerted regulation of distinct groups of nuclear genes that may avert harm from mitochondrial malfunction. Conclusions: This study provides a rich framework of the genetic and regulatory basis of energy metabolism in fission yeast and beyond, and it pinpoints weaknesses of commonly used auxotroph mutants for investigating metabolism. As a model for cellular energy regulation, fission yeast provides an attractive and complementary system to budding yeast

Large-scale profiling of noncoding RNA function in yeast

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are emerging as key regulators of cellular function. We have exploited the recently developed barcoded ncRNA gene deletion strain collections in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the numerous ncRNAs in yeast with no known function. The ncRNA deletion collection contains deletions of tRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, stable unannotated transcripts (SUTs), cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs) and other annotated ncRNAs encompassing 532 different individual ncRNA deletions. We have profiled the fitness of the diploid heterozygous ncRNA deletion strain collection in six conditions using batch and continuous liquid culture, as well as the haploid ncRNA deletion strain collections arrayed individually onto solid rich media. These analyses revealed many novel environmental-specific haplo-insufficient and haplo-proficient phenotypes providing key information on the importance of each specific ncRNA in every condition. Co-fitness analysis using fitness data from the heterozygous ncRNA deletion strain collection identified two ncRNA groups required for growth during heat stress and nutrient deprivation. The extensive fitness data for each ncRNA deletion strain has been compiled into an easy to navigate database called Yeast ncRNA Analysis (YNCA). By expanding the original ncRNA deletion strain collection we identified four novel essential ncRNAs; SUT527, SUT075, SUT367 and SUT259/691. We defined the effects of each new essential ncRNA on adjacent gene expression in the heterozygote background identifying both repression and induction of nearby genes. Additionally, we discovered a function for SUT527 in the expression, 3’ end formation and localization of SEC4, an essential protein coding mRNA. Finally, using plasmid complementation we rescued the SUT075 lethal phenotype revealing that this ncRNA acts in trans. Overall, our findings provide important new insights into the function of ncRNAs

Sex Differences in the Enduring Effects of Social Deprivation during Adolescence in Rats : Implications for Psychiatric Disorders

The exposure to adverse environmental situations during sensitive periods of development may induce re-organizational effects on different systems and increase the vulnerability to develop psychiatric disorders later in life. The adolescent period has been demonstrated extremely susceptible to stressful events. However, most of the studies focused on the immediate effects of stress exposure and few of them investigated sex differences. This raised the question if these modulations might also be long-lasting and how the differential maturational events taking place during adolescence between males and females might have a role in the detrimental effects of stress. Given the importance of social play for the right maturation of behavior during adolescence, we used the preclinical model of social deprivation, based on the lack of all social contacts, for four weeks after weaning, followed by re-socialization until adulthood. We found that both male and female animals reared in isolation during adolescence developed an anhedonic phenotype at adulthood, without any impairments in the cognitive domain. At molecular level, these functional changes were associated with sex-specific impairments in the expression of neuroplastic markers as well as of hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis-related genes. Lastly, we also reported anatomically-selective changes associated with the enduring effects of social isolation