The relationship between organizational climate and organizational citizenship behaviors of the staff members in the Department of Education in Isfahan city

Aim: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between organizational climate and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) of the staff members in the Department of Education in Isfahan City. Methods: The study has been conducted through descriptive/correlational method. The population of this study consists of all the staff members of the Department of Education of Isfahan in the academic year 2014-2015. The population includes 517 members. Through Krejcie and Morgan sampling formula and stratified sampling method in accordance with the size, 220 members have been selected as the sample. The data have been collected using the Organizational Climate Questionnaire of Sasman and Deip and Kernodle′s questionnaire of OCB. It showed that the reliability of organizational climate was 0.91, and that of OCB was 0.91. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical program package SPSS version 19. The methods of Pearson correlation, stepwise regression, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) have been used for data analysis. Results: The results of the study indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between organizational climate, its dimensions, and OCB. Of the dimensions of organizational climate, the goals of an organization, the role, rewards, procedures, and communications within an organization are able to forecast the OCB. The results of MANOVA suggest that there is a significant difference between the respondents′ viewpoints about the organizational climate according to age and OCB according to education. Conclusions: Creating positive and good organizational climate requires a culture based on common values, and employees can tolerate their work problems and their organizational citizenship behaviors are increased

The effect of mustard gas on salivary trace metals (Zn, Mn, Cu, Mg, Mo, Sr, Cd, Ca, Pb, Rb).

We have determined and compared trace metals concentration in saliva taken from chemical warfare injures who were under the exposure of mustard gas and healthy subjects by means of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for the first time. The influence of preliminary operations on the accuracy of ICP-OES analysis, blood contamination, the number of restored teeth in the mouth, salivary flow rate, and daily variations in trace metals concentration in saliva were also considered. Unstimulated saliva was collected at 10:00-11:00 a.m. from 45 subjects in three equal groups. The first group was composed of 15 healthy subjects (group 1); the second group consisted of 15 subjects who, upon chemical warfare injuries, did not use Salbutamol spray, which they would have normally used on a regular basis (group 2); and the third group contained the same number of patients as the second group, but they had taken their regular medicine (Salbutamol spray; group 3). Our results showed that the concentration of Cu in saliva was significantly increased in the chemical warfare injures compared to healthy subjects, as follows: healthy subjects 15.3± 5.45 (p.p.b.), patients (group 2) 45.77±13.65, and patients (Salbutamol spray; group 3) 29 ±8.51 (P <0.02). In contrast, zinc was significantly decreased in the patients, as follows: healthy subjects 37 ± 9.03 (p.p.b.), patients (group 2) 12.2 ± 3.56, and patients (Salbutamol spray; group 3) 20.6 ±10.01 (P < 0.01). It is important to note that direct dilution of saliva samples with ultrapure nitric acid showed the optimum ICP-OES outputs

Recovery tests for the preliminary operations for ICP-OES analysis in saliva.

<p>N.D.: not detected</p><p>Recovery tests for the preliminary operations for ICP-OES analysis in saliva.</p

Daily changes in salivary concentrations and salivary secretion rates of trace elementary.

<p>Daily changes in salivary concentrations and salivary secretion rates of trace elementary.</p

Salivary secretion rates (ng min^-1) of trace metals in healthy subjects (group 1) and chemical warfare injures (group 2 and group 3).

<p>- Data are expressed as the mean±S.E; n = 15 in each group. Group 1, Healthy subjects; Group 2, 3; Chemical warfare injures.</p><p>- The Salivary secretion rate was computed by multiplying the mean salivary concentration by the salivary flow rate.</p><p>^a P<0.05</p><p>^b P<0.01</p><p>Salivary secretion rates (ng min^-1) of trace metals in healthy subjects (group 1) and chemical warfare injures (group 2 and group 3).</p