Clinical and parasitological response to oral chloroquine and primaquine in uncomplicated human Plasmodium knowlesi infections

Background: Plasmodium knowlesi is a cause of symptomatic and potentially fatal infections in humans. There are no studies assessing the detailed parasitological response to treatment of knowlesi malaria infections in man and whether antimalarial resistance occurs. Methods: A prospective observational study of oral chloroquine and primaquine therapy was conducted in consecutive patients admitted to Kapit Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo with PCR-confirmed single P. knowlesi infections. These patients were given oral chloroquine for three days, and at 24 hours oral primaquine was administered for two consecutive days, primarily as a gametocidal agent. Clinical and parasitological responses were recorded at 6-hourly intervals during the first 24 hours, daily until discharge and then weekly to day 28. Vivax malaria patients were studied as a comparator group. Results: Of 96 knowlesi malaria patients who met the study criteria, 73 were recruited to an assessment of the acute response to treatment and 60 completed follow-up over 28 days. On admission, the mean parasite stage distributions were 49.5%, 41.5%, 4.0% and 5.6% for early trophozoites, late trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes respectively. The median fever clearance time was 26.5 [inter-quartile range 16-34] hours. The mean times to 50% (PCT50) and 90% (PCT90) parasite clearance were 3.1 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 2.8-3.4) hours and 10.3 (9.4-11.4) hours. These were more rapid than in a group of 23 patients with vivax malaria 6.3 (5.3-7.8) hours and 20.9 (17.6-25.9) hours; P = 0.02). It was difficult to assess the effect of primaquine on P. knowlesi parasites, due to the rapid anti-malarial properties of chloroquine and since primaquine was administered 24 hours after chloroquine. No P. knowlesi recrudescences or re-infections were detected by PCR. Conclusions: Chloroquine plus primaqine is an inexpensive and highly effective treatment for uncomplicated knowlesi malaria infections in humans and there is no evidence of drug resistance. Further studies using alternative anti-malarial drugs, including artemisinin derivatives, would be desirable to define optimal management strategies for P. knowlesi.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Penelitian dan pengkajian naskah kuno daerah jambi i

Buku ini berisi tentang Penelitian dan pengkajian naskah kuno daerah jambi yang meliputi transliterasi, penerjemahan dan analisa isi

Chemopreventive potential of methanol extract of Dicranopteris linearis leaf on DMBA/croton oil-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis.

The present study was carried out to elucidate the chemopreventive potential of methanol extract of Dicranopteris linearis (MEDL) in a two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis model due to the interrelated inflammation, oxidative stress and tumor promotion pathways. MEDL was prepared in a dose range of 30 to 300 mg/kg body weight. A total of 48 imprinting control region (ICR) female mice (6 to 8 weeks old) were randomly assorted into six groups. To induce skin tumor formation, a single topical application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) at 100 μg/100 μl was applied to the shaved dorsal region of mice, followed by repetitive administration of 1% croton oil, twice weekly for 15 weeks. Topical application of MEDL, 30 min prior to the croton oil application significantly reduced the tumor incidence to 12.5% in 300 mg/kg MEDL-treated group as compared to 87.5% in carcinogen control. The latency period of tumor formation was increased from sixth week in the carcinogen control to ninth and fifteenth weeks in 100 and 300 mg/kg MEDL-treated groups, respectively. The tumor burden of MEDL-treated groups (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) were significantly lessen (5.67 ± 1.28, 5.00 ± 1.13, and 1.00 ± 0.13), as compared to carcinogen control (7.86 ± 2.37). The tumor volume was also significantly reduced from 9.00 ± 2.27 mm3 in carcinogen control to 3.70 ± 0.96, 2.39 ± 0.54 and 0.26 ± 0.03 mm3 in 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg MEDL-treated groups, respectively. In conclusion, the MEDL exhibited anti-carcinogenic effect in a dose-dependent manner, indicating its chemopreventive potential, which worth further study

Perancangan Strategi Penyerangan pada Robot Sepak Bola

Strategi menyerang atau bertahan merupakan dasar strategi dalam robot sepak bola. Keberhasilan suatu tim robot sepak bola dipengaruhi oleh keberhasilan pemain robot untuk memasukkan bola ke dalam gawang lawan. Strategi menyerangan merupakan faktor utama penentu keberhasilan tim robot sepak bola untuk memenangkan setiap pertandingan. Dalam penelitian ini kami akan membuat perancangan strategi penyerangan yang dipergunakan dan diimplementasikan dalam keadaan yang sesungguhnya. Perancangan strategi tersebut membagikan kawasan lapangan menjadi beberapa kawasan kecil dan 2 kawasan utama, dimana setiap kawasan tersebut akan memberikan aksi yang berbeda. Untuk 2 (dua) kawasan utama serta menentukan strategi mana yang akan dipilih, baik melakukan penyerangan ataupun bertahan. Pada saat kondisi bertahan maka strategi penyerangan menjadi tidak aktif dan robot-robot akan menjaga kawasan pertahanan untuk menghindari masuknya bola ke dalam gawang. Kondisi yang lain akan berganti apabila bola berada pada kawasan lawan, strategi penyerangan menjadi aktif dan semua robot akan memposisikan untuk mendukung proses penyerangan kepihak lawan. Kondisi tersebut akan selalu berganti mengikuti posisi. Dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan suatu rancangan strategi penyerangan dalam bentuk diagram alir untuk memudahkan pemrogram starategi untuk mengimplementasikan kedalam keadaan yang sesungguhnya

Algoritma Strategi Untuk Menghindari Rintangan Pada Robot Sepak Bola

Robot sepak bola merupakan domain yang menarik untuk di kaji pada bidang robot otonom oleh para peneliti dan mahasiswa. Namun demikian untuk pengembangan (penulisan program, pengujian, dan debugging) robot dalam domain tersebut merupakan tugas yang tidak mudah. Makalah ini berkonsentrasi pada pengembangan posisi dan algoritma untuk menghindari rintangan pada robot sepak bola. Pada tahapan ini dikembangkan strategi dalam robot sepak bola seperti pergerakan dasar, tendangan ke arah gawang, dan pergerakan penjaga gawang. Formulasi yang digunakan untuk memposisikan dan menghindari rintangan pada robot sepak bola didasarkan pada pendekatan matematik. Formula ini dipergunakan untuk memastikan bahwa gerakan robot adalah tepat dan sesuai pada sasaran. Kecepatan pergerakan robot dihitung untuk mengatur ketepatan robot dalam menghindari rintangan yang ada. Teori mengenai pengaturan posisi dan koordinat robot (x,y) digunakan untuk menemukan rintangan dan menghindarinya. Penelitian ini mempergunakan simulasi dan pengujian untuk mengevaluasi penerapan algoritma yang dibuat. Fungsi untuk menendang, pergerakan obyek, dan menghindari rintangan telah berhasil dilaksanakan. Hasil yang didapatkan dapat dipergunakan sebagai bagian strategi dalam kompetisi robot sepak bola secara keseluruhan

Number of iteration analysis for complex fss shape using GA for efficient ESG

ESG stand for Energy-Saving Glass is a special shielded glass with a metallic oxide layer to abuse undesirable of infrared and ultraviolet radiation into construction assemblies like our home. Firstly, different number of the iteration is the main thing to study a performance of the frequency selective surface shape using genetic algorithm (GA) for efficient energy saving glass (ESG). Three different values for the number of iterations were taken that is 1500, 2000 1nd 5000. Before that, the response of this complex FSS shape on incident electromagnetic wave with different symmetry shape are investigating. Three of them are no symmetrical shape, ¼ symmetrical shape, and 1/8 symmetrical shape. The 1500 number simulation considered about 89.000 per second, compared with 2000 iteration and 5000 iterations had consumed 105.09 per second and 196.00 per second, respectively. For 1/8 symmetry complex FSS shape, it demonstrations the improved performance of transmission loss at 1.2 GHz with - 40 dB. A 2 dB of transmission loss is achieved at WLAN application of 2.45 GHz with 0°, 30°, and 45° incidence angle shows

Clinical and parasitological response to oral chloroquine and primaquine in uncomplicated human Plasmodium knowlesi infections

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium knowlesi is a cause of symptomatic and potentially fatal infections in humans. There are no studies assessing the detailed parasitological response to treatment of knowlesi malaria infections in man and whether antimalarial resistance occurs. METHODS: A prospective observational study of oral chloroquine and primaquine therapy was conducted in consecutive patients admitted to Kapit Hospital, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo with PCR-confirmed single P. knowlesi infections. These patients were given oral chloroquine for three days, and at 24 hours oral primaquine was administered for two consecutive days, primarily as a gametocidal agent. Clinical and parasitological responses were recorded at 6-hourly intervals during the first 24 hours, daily until discharge and then weekly to day 28. Vivax malaria patients were studied as a comparator group. RESULTS: Of 96 knowlesi malaria patients who met the study criteria, 73 were recruited to an assessment of the acute response to treatment and 60 completed follow-up over 28 days. On admission, the mean parasite stage distributions were 49.5%, 41.5%, 4.0% and 5.6% for early trophozoites, late trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes respectively. The median fever clearance time was 26.5 [inter-quartile range 16-34] hours. The mean times to 50% (PCT50) and 90% (PCT90) parasite clearance were 3.1 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 2.8-3.4) hours and 10.3 (9.4-11.4) hours. These were more rapid than in a group of 23 patients with vivax malaria 6.3 (5.3-7.8) hours and 20.9 (17.6-25.9) hours; P = 0.02). It was difficult to assess the effect of primaquine on P. knowlesi parasites, due to the rapid anti-malarial properties of chloroquine and since primaquine was administered 24 hours after chloroquine. No P. knowlesi recrudescences or re-infections were detected by PCR. CONCLUSIONS: Chloroquine plus primaqine is an inexpensive and highly effective treatment for uncomplicated knowlesi malaria infections in humans and there is no evidence of drug resistance. Further studies using alternative anti-malarial drugs, including artemisinin derivatives, would be desirable to define optimal management strategies for P. knowlesi

Characteristic of double-stator PM machine for modular type power train in electric vehicles

This paper presents a double-stator permanent magnet brushless DC machine (DS-PMBLDC) which is proposed to be used in light electric vehicles and to replace a typical motor for electric vehicles in future. However, to fulfill the limitation of motor performance at different conditions, electric vehicles require their own specific motor design. Thus, a modular type of motor which can easily replace the electrical motor based on requirements for the electric driving system in power train of an electric vehicle was proposed and discussed in this paper. The operating principle of the proposed machine is reported. Concentrated winding is adopted for the stators of a 9-slot 8-pole DS-PMBLDC machine. The cogging torque, back-EMF, air-gap flux density, torque and power characteristic have been analyzed using 2-dimensional Finite-Element Analysis (2D-FEA). Experimental and simulation results are compared and discussed. Theoretical analysis of the proposed machine show an efficiency of 80% and 75% efficiency in motoring and generating mode respectively. The 2D-FEA simulation results are in good agreement with the measurement results

Suitability of pressmud as an adsorption material in wastewater treatment and as a booster in soil fertility and productivity

Press mud is one of the most abundant wastes produced by the sugarcane industry. However, it has received far too little attention as a reactive material for pollutant removal, although its beneficial effect on soil fertility and crop productivity is well established. This paper investigates the potential of press mud to minimize heavy metal migration while boosting soil fertility and productivity. Firstly, the adsorbent was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analyses, which showed the presence of functional groups such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, and silica capable of adsorbing metal ions. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of press mud is very high, ranging between 44.9 and 45.2 meq/100 g. Along with removal efficiency testing and evaluating breakthrough curves, characterization, and adsorption analyses (batch equilibrium and column test) were carried out. The press mud reveals promising adsorption characteristics, including a high organic content (17.62%) and the presence of carbon, which significantly affects its excellent removal effectiveness. Based on the removal efficiency test, press mud successfully removes metal ions at the highest value, such as zinc (Zn), at 99.7%. Meanwhile, its breakthrough curve reveals that it efficiently retained all heavy metals, as these metals do not reach 1 to 10 pore volumes (p.v.), indicating that press mud is a good material for heavy metal adsorption and soil productivity. This possible use establishes a new cyclical flow for the material and contributes to its minimization and reuse, adhering to circular economy ideas. However, press mud must be disposed of properly to avoid adverse effects on humans and the environment