Exploiting of Wasted Cooking Oil at Making Biodiesel Through Transesterification Process with Applies K2CO3 Catalyst as Fuel Diesel of Renewable

This research aim is to know the influence from various USAge of K2CO3 catalyst and methanol solvent to biodiesel from wasted cooking oil. The making of biodiesel from waste cooking oil as raw material this before all was done by using esterification process with purpose to reduce %FFA >5% become < 5% with some help of the same solvent that is methanol and K2CO3 catalyst, then is continued to phase herein after is processing transesterification. The tranesterification process if wasted cooking oil in methanol to yield biodiesel applies alkaline catalyst. Sighting of % K2CO3 and methanol volume to product biodiesel need to be done to get product biodiesel fulfilling standart. Process tranesterification of wasted cooking oil using alkaline catalyst (K2CO3 ) and methanol solvent is done with various % K2CO3 that 0,1%, 1.0%, 1.5% and methanol equel to 15 ml, 20 ml , 25 ml. This research done by the way of mixing wasted cooking oil , methanol and K2CO3 in neck gourd four with operating condition 70 oC during 1 hour and result of his it's dissociated in separatory funnel then is hushed during 24 hour. From the research was received by the optimum condition in the use K2CO3 with concentration 0.5% wt and the volume of methanol 1250 ml. Result of the analysis of physical characteristics and chemistry biodiesel that was received % rendemen 56,07%, density 0,852 gr/ml, pH 7,1, acid number 0,53 of mgKOH, flashpoint 168 oC, % water content 0.03%, viscosity 3.09 cSt and calories value 6374.54 cal/gr. The biodiesel product that have got has been fulfill the Indonesian standard biodiesel quality

The Making of a Liquid Soap Process From Used Wasted Cooking Oil and Coconut Oil Mixture

This Moment, used frying oil has not been used well and only used discarded as household waste or industrial. Therefore, to use of used frying oil as raw material a liquid soap will provide added value for used frying oil. The main purpose of this research is to cultivative used frying oil become a liquid soap way saponification with potassium hidroxide . This research do with variation feed ratio that is used frying oil and coconut oil (0:1; 0,5:1; 1:1; 1,5:1; and 2:1) and time of saponification process (10, 20, 30, 45, and 55 minutes). Research results shows that so longer time of saponification process so lower pH liquid soap that produced. The long saponification process also resulted in the low water content that there is in soap. Beside that, time of saponification process can increase free fatty acid content in soap. Likewish with the number of soap, time of saponification process balenced straight with the number of soap. From research resulth obtained optimum condition in the making liquid soap that is on used frying oil and coconut oil ratio 2:1 during process time 45 minutes. Where the parameters that have been tested in accordance with standars of soap, such as pH is 10,3; water content is 42,7%; free fatty acid content is 2,256% and the number of soap is 43,126 mg KOH/gr

Warga Negara Religius sebagai Identitas Kewarganegaraan di Indonesia

Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menggali kembali identitas kewarganegaraan Indonesia sebagai negara yang menjunjung tinggi nilai-nlai Ketuhanan. Secara formal agama bahkan dicantumkan dalam Kartu Tanda Penduduk (KTP) seluruh warga negara Indonesia. Identitas kewarganegaraan Indonesia sangat penting untuk dibahas karena arus globalisasi dan gerakan kewarganegaraan kosmopolit (cosmopolitan citizenship) sangat mudah menghilangkan batas-batas identitas dan loyalitas warga negara. Sehingga negara akan mudah tenggelam dalam arus globalisasi dan warga negara lebih bangga menjadi warga negara global daripada warga negara Indonesia. Agama sebagai salah bentuk representasi religius warga negara memiliki posisi penting dalam kajian kewarganegaraan di Indonesia yang berlandaskan pada pluralisme nilai-nilai Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. Hal inilah yang membedakan Indonesia dengan negara-negara sekuler di dunia. Identitas religius warga negara Indonesia dalam makalah ini akan digali melalui dasar negara Indonesia yakni Pancasila, Undang-Undang Dasar tahun 1945, Undang-Undang dan perturan-peraturan yang mendukung lainya. Selain itu, makalah ini akan didukung oleh hasil-hasil riset berupa jurnal nasional maupun internasional terkait dengan identitas religius warga negara Indonesia. Makalah ini juga akan memberikan rekomendasi upaya membangun pemahaman tentang pentingya menjaga identitas religius warga negara Indonesia melalui Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (PKn) sebagai mata pelajaran wajib diberbagai jenjang pendidikan di Indonesia

PENGARUH KINERJA KEUANGAN DAERAH TERHADAP IPM KABUPATEN/KOTA DI JAWA BARAT

Penguatan SDM Indonesia menuju SDM unggul menjadi pekerjaan rumah besar Negara dan seluruh bangsa Indonesia. Kualitas SDM Indonesia dipandang masih rendah. Penelitian ini berupaya untuk menguji pengaruh kinerja keuangan daerah yang diproksikan dengan rasio derajat desentralisasi fiskal, rasio efektivitas PAD, dan rasio belanja modal terhadap IPM kabupaten/ kota di Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji regresi linier berganda melalui alat bantu SPSS ver. 26. Hasil pengujian dan analisis data menemukan bahwa secara parsial rasio derajat desentralisasi fiskal dan rasio efektivitas PAD berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap IPM. Sedangkan rasio belanja modal tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap IPM. Secara simultan ketiga variabel independen memiliki kemampuan menjelaskan variasi variabel dependen yaitu IPM sebesar 57,0%, sedangkan sisanya 43,0% dijelaskan atau dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain di luar variabel penelitian yang digunakan

Perbaikan Diri Menurut Mohammad Iqbal (Telaah Teori Filsafat Islam)

Indonesia's political chaos starting from corruption, collusion, and nepotism is an unresolved problem and there is no clear point until now. There is no proper formula and solution to solve this problem. Like a building, Indonesia is a strong country but very easily collapsed due to political problems, starting from individuals and groups. Therefore it is necessary to have a strong and sturdy construction to support the building so that it does not collapse easily. The reconstruction that was built by M.Iqbal with khudi gave birth to a healthy and dynamic politics. As for things that can strengthen khudi: Love, Faqr, courage or enthusiasm, tolerance, lawful business, and honest and creative work. This can be used as a reconstruction in contemporary Indonesian politics. A sense of love and full responsibility will color individuals who are involved in politics. Khudi as a philosophical thought serves to strengthen the foundation of Indonesian politics which is easily shaken. The type of research used in this research is descriptive analysis research in which in this case the political reconstruction will be based on M.Iqbal's theory, namely khudi. library research method. As a recommendation to address solutions to various contemporary Indonesian political problems, the political reconstruction offered by M.Iqbal with his khudi is considered necessary and able to answer these political problems

MOBILISASI POLITIK ISLAM MODERAT DI INDONESIA

Kesadaran politik kaum muslimin sangat penting untuk dibangun dalam kehidupan negara demokrasi. Hal ini disebabkan Islam sebagai salah satu agama besar di dunia dan memiliki pemeluk mayoritas di Indonesia. selain itu, Islam juga memiliki kekuatan tersendiri dalam dunia perpolitikan di Indonesia. Dalam perpolitikan umat Islam di Indonesia rentan terjadi konflik, hal tersebut disebabkan banyaknya kaum muslimin yang tidak melaksanakan Islam sebagai sebuah gerakan politik yang menjadikan perbedaan pilihan politik sebagai sebuah rahmat. Studi ini ingin memberikan gambaran umum dalam rangka memabangun kehidupan politik umat Islam toleran terhadap perbedaan pandanagn politik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi Pustaka (library research). Metode penelitian ini pengumpulan data dengan cara mencari sumber dan merkontruksi dari berbagai sumber seperti buku, jurnal, dan riset-riset yang sudah ada. Hasil penelitian ini mengambarkan upaya-upaya kongkrit yang harus dilakukan dalam rangka membangun pemahaman politik Islam yang menghormati perbedaan sebagai sebuah keniscayaan dalam konteks Indonesia yang plruralistik. Penelitian ini juga mengungkapkan bahwa gerakan politik islam moderat sebuah gerakan secara besar dan terus menerus berupa mobilisasi politik yang harus dilakukan oleh tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat dan para pendidik muslim dalam rangka membangun kesadaran politik Islam yang moderat. Jika mobilisasi ini terus menerus dilakukan oleh para tokoh gama, tokoh masyarakat dan pendidik muslim tentu konflik agama berbungkus politik di Indonesia akan mudah diredam. Penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai acuan dalam memahami gerakan mobilisasi gerakan politik bersis islam di Indonesia.Kata kunci:Mobilisasi, politik, islam, moderat ABSTRACTThe political awareness of Muslims is very important to build in a democratic country. This is because Islam is one of the major religions in the world and has many adherents in Indonesia. Apart from that, Islam also has its own strength in the world of politics in Indonesia. In politics, Muslims in Indonesia are prone to conflict. This is because many Muslims do not implement Islam as a political movement, which makes differences in political choices a blessing. This study wants to provide a general overview to build a political life for Muslims that is tolerant of differences in political views. This research uses qualitative methods with a library research approach. This research method collects data by searching for sources and constructing them from various sources, such as books, journals, and existing research. The results of this research illustrate the concrete efforts that must be made to build an understanding of Islamic politics that respects differences as a necessity in the pluralistic context of Indonesia. This research also reveals that the moderate Islamic political movement is a large and continuous movement in the form of political mobilization that must be carried out by religious leaders, community leaders, and Muslim educators to build moderate Islamic political awareness. If this mobilization continues to be carried out by religious leaders, community leaders, and Muslim educators, of course religious conflicts wrapped in politics in Indonesia will be easily suppressed. This study can be used as a reference in understanding the mobilization of Islamic political movements in Indonesia.Keywords: Mobilization, politics, Islam, moderat

MEMBUMIKAN TEOLOGI ISLAM DALAM KEHIDUPAN BERAGAMA (PERSPEKTIF M ARKOUN)

Point inertia classical Islamic theology thought would appear in the realm of reality if the thought process faced with the reality or the reality of empirical social human life is always growing and developing in line with the growth of science and technology. Mohammed Arkoun is Algerian intellectuals who tried to reread the building of Islamic thought in comprehensive both involving thought kalam (theology), Sufism, jurisprudence, ethics and interpretation. In the Indonesian context, Arkoun thought first recognized in 1987 in a discussion on Empathy Foundation. Muhammad Nasir Tamara, who introduced first by writing an article entitled Mohammed Arkoun and Applied Islamology. In some writings about modernity, Arkoun does not explicitly formulate the constraints of modernity, let alone challenge under him. According to Arkoun, modernity can be divided into two groups, namely, modernity "material" and modernity "intellectual" or "cultural". The former means that much progress has occurred in the outer frame of the human form, while the latter includes the methods, analysis tools, and intellectual siakp which gives the ability to better understand the reality. One anxiety Arkoun against Islamic theological thought is the separation between Islam and Islam actual or conceptual separation between theory and practice which he said is the legacy of Descartes. Grounding Islamic theology in the context of modern life does require accurate strategies and methodologies. Arkoun effort in the context of building reconstruction of Islamic theological thought is one of the strategie

ANALISIS YURIDIS KRIMINOLOGIS TENTANG KEKERASAN DALAM RUMAH TANGGA YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH ISTRI TERHADAP SUAMI

Household violence is a serious phenomenon that should be catered for due to its seriousness; it is not only done by the husband, who its mostly the doer of the action, but also by the wife. As a result, it is urgent to put the laws forbidingthe practice of such a householdviolence into effect. The laws control the protection of the victims in a household. Paradoxically, the enforcement, however, may trigger new modes of household violence, namely the violence done by the wife. The modes of violence are various in type. In criminology studies, it is shown that the violence by the wife is caused by many causes. Further analyses (using a causalteit theory in criminal law) suggest that the violence by the wife is marely a negative reaction against the violence by the husband. On the basis of such of phenomenon, the law enforcement underscores socio-criminological aspects in order to realize a criminal individualization-based justice. Making a wife into a criminal case as a form of a repressive action of the violence just hide the real forms of household violence mostly done by the husband. Kata kunci: Kekerasan dalam rumah tangga, kekerasan istri, penegakan huku

Pretreatment Stress Enhances Embryogenic Callus Production in Anther Culture of Sturt Desert Pea (Swainsona formosa)

The aims of the experiment were to investigate the effect of pretreatment stress on the proliferation of anther-derived embryogenic callus, and its subsequent embryo regeneration in Swainsona formosa. Anthers were pretreated in starvation medium at cold (4 0C) temperature and cultured. Cultures were initially placed in darkness for four weeks, followed by 16-h photoperiod at 25 + 1 0C. The stress pretreatment was found to enhance embryogenic callus formation on cultured anthers. Further, somatic embryos were successfully regenerated from embryogenic callus upon transferred onto regeneration medium supplemented with 1% sucrose and 4.63 uM kinetin, and later plantlets were obtained. Meanwhile, nonembryogenic callus continued to grow resulting in more callus mass without showing any embryoid initiation. Key words: anther culture, embryogenic callus, stress pretreatment, Swainsona formos