Synthesis and characterization of polymeric linseed oil grafted methyl methacrylate or styrene

Syntheses of wholly natural polymeric linseed oil (PLO) containing peroxide groups have been reported. Peroxidation, epoxidation and/or perepoxidation reactions of linseed oil, either under air or under oxygen flow at room temperature, resulted in polymeric peroxides, PLO-air and PLO-ofl, containing 1.3 and 3.5 wt.% of peroxide, with molecular weights of 2100 and 3780 Da, respectively. PLO-air contained cross-linked film up to 46.1 wt.% after a reaction time of 60 d, associated with a waxy, soluble part (PLO-air-s) that was isolated with chloroform extraction. PLO-ofl was obtained as a waxy, viscous liquid without any cross-linked part at the end of 24 d under visible irradation and oxygen flow. Polymeric peroxides, PLO-air-s and PLO-ofl initiated the free radical polymerization of both methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styreine (S) to give PMMA-graft-PLO and PS-graft-PLO graft copolymers in high yields with M-w varying from 37 to 470 kDa. The polymers obtained were characterized by FT-IR. H-1 NMR, TGA, DSC and GPC techniques. Cross-linked polymers were also studied by means of swelling measurements. PMNA-graft-PLO graft copolymer film samples were also used in cell-culture studies. Fibroblast cells were well adhered and proliferated on the copolymer film surfaces, which is important in tissue engineering

Potensi USAha dan Efisiensi Ekonomi Rakyat di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur

The objectives of the study are to analyze economic potential and efficiency on small scale economic or “ekonomi rakyat†of Ogan Komering Ulu Timur (OKU Timur) Municipality. The primary data by used of this research, and the people economies analysis by using efficiency and production approaches. The result of the research shows that “ekonomi rakyat†in OKU Timur has biggest potential based on production approach, sales, profitability and efficiency. In sector of mining, hotels and restaurant have highest efficient and feasible to developed, sector of industry, and paddy production, while wallet nest, Pedigree Fowl and Domestic Hens are also efficient and feasible. Meanwhile, the efficiency while do the opposites of its input production from out-of local area, such as tradable goods and car services is not efficient

Genetic variation of 12 rice cultivars grown in Brunei Darussalam and assessment of their tolerance to saline environment

Genetic variations of 12 different rice cultivars in Brunei Darussalam were studied using 15 different SSR markers and their salinity tolerance mechanism was also assessed. Eight SSR markers, RM 151, 187, 206, 226, 276, 310, 320 and 334, showed polymorphic alleles while the other seven were monomorphic. A total of 158 alleles were amplified for all these rice cultivars using 15 SSR markers, with an average of 10.53. The allele frequencies per locus or marker range from 0 in RM 307 to five alleles in RM 226. PIC values varied from 0.00 to 0.7521. Similarity distance varied from 0.00 to 1.00. Dendrogram showed three distinct clusters, where both Kuaci and Sp1 significantly diverted from the other ten rice cultivars. Bandul berminyak was the most tolerant to salinity. Quantum yield for B. berminyak were unaffected and it showed the least reduction in growth parameters studied when expose to salinity stress. From both salinity tolerance and genetic variation investigations for these 12 cultivars, it may probably be better to intercross between Arat (moderately tolerant) and Sp1 (susceptible) as both are from different clusters, showed low genetic similarity with 0.33 and different salinity tolerance level. Key words: Genetic variability, rice cultivars, SSR markers, salinity.Abbreviation: RFLP, Restriction fragment length polymorphism; RAPD, random amplified polymorphic DNA; AFLP, amplified fragment length polymorphism; ISSR, inter-simple sequence repeat; SSR, single sequence repeats; PIC, polymorphism information content; RM, rice marker

Behavior of biodegradable oil under impulse voltages

The properties of Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO) offer the potential for transformers with non-toxicity, high fire and flash points and better environmental compatibility while compared with those filled with Mineral Oil (MO). This potential has led to intensive studies of electrical performance of biodegradable oil especially in evaluating the electrical performance under lightning impulse voltage in recent years. This paper presents the investigation on the impulse breakdown voltage of PO and CO in such a uniform field. The PO used in this study is Refined, Bleached and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Olein type. Two testing methods, rising-voltage and up-and-down are considered for both oils with different gap distances (2.0 mm and 3.8 mm). Testing methods including rising-voltage method and up-and-down method have no notable influence on the breakdown voltages of RBDPOs and CO compared to MO.IntroductionThe majority of transformers in the power system network are oil filled type. The main functions of the oil used in a transformer are to act as electrical insulation, cooling medium and information carrier. Up to now, the main oil insulation used in a transformer is Mineral Oil (MO) since it is proven to be successfully applied in practice for many years. Natural and synthetic esters are considered as the alternative for conventional MO due to the high fire safety and environmental friendliness. Extensive studies were conducted looking into the chemical, physical and electrical properties of natural and synthetic esters [1-3]. Another possible alternative for ester based oils are Palm Oil (PO) and Coconut Oil (CO). PO is derived from palm kernel which can be further separated to produce Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO) [4-5]. Further processing of CPO can produced Refined, Bleaching and Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO). The most common PO considered for transformers application is RBDPO. On the other hand, CO is extracted from kernel of matured coconut palm. The CO can be further processed to produce a neutralized, bleached and deodorized CO and is currently the type of oil investigated for the transformers’ application [6]. Transformer in service shall be exposed to voltages in excess of the normal operating voltage, such as transient overvoltage due to lightning impulse or switching impulse. Therefore the increasing interests among researchers press for comprehensive investigations on electrical performance of these liquids especially under impulse voltage [7]. This paper presents breakdown strengths of biodegradable oils (RBDPOs and CO) and MO in a uniform sphere-sphere electrode under impulse voltages. The influences of voltage polarities (positive and negative) and testing methods (rising-voltage and up-and-down) on the breakdown behavior are investigated

Morfometri Cangkang Pada Genus Strombus Dan Cerithidea Di Pantai Kota Ternate Selatan

Gastropoda merupakan salah satu sumber daya hayati yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Cangkang gastropoda sudah terpilin sejak masa embrio. Gastropoda umumnya bercangkang tunggal yang terpilin membentuk spiral dengan bentuk dan warna yang beragam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencandra morfometri dan mendeskripsikan non-morfometri cangkang pada genus Strombus dan Cerithidea di tiga lokasi sampling, yakni pantai Bastiong, Fitu, dan Jambula dengan metode survei jelajah bebas. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi morfometrik dan non morfometrik. Hasil penelitian genus Strombus dan Cerithidea ditemukan sebanyak 111 individu dari 14 jenis yang teridentifikasi. Parameter morfometri genus Strombus dan Cerithidea yang ditemukan di tiga lokasi sampling menunjukkan Panjang Cangkang (PC), Lebar Cangkang (LC), Lebar Kolumela (LK), Tinggi Aperture (TA) dan Lebar Aperture (LA) yang berbeda-beda, serta pengamatan non-morfometrik pada genus Strombus, berupa tipe cangkangnya concentric dan putaran cangkang sinistral, sedangkan pada genus Cerithidea tipe cangkangnya multispiral dan arah putaran dekstral. Kedua genus tersebut memiliki warna dan bentuk yang beragam

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Based for Slope Mapping and the Determination of Potential Slope Hazard

This paper discusses the applications of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) for geological mapping and the determination of cross-section of certain selected area. With the development of modern technology, the utilization of UAV to gather data for geological mapping can be considered as finest method as it is quick, reliable, precise, cost-effective and also easily to operate. High imagery quality is essential for the effectiveness and nature of normal mapping output such as Digital Surface Model (DSM) and also Ortho Images. The utilization of UAV to capture aerial photo helps to gather information from a normal area to an area which almost impossible to reach. With the data obtained by the UAV, it will later be processed in established software and the analysis of slope profile of certain selected study area will be done. From these analyses, the potential slope hazards which based on slope angles will be determined and considered as another interest of this study

Study of tensile properties for aluminum 6061 reinforced with AISI 1060 steel machining chips

The present study focuses on the tensile properties of Aluminum 6061 reinforced with AISI1060 Steel machining chips. Three different types of samples of aluminium 6061 reinforced with AISI 1060 steel machining chips were prepared using stir casting. The tensile test was conducted using universal test machine (UTM) for fabricated composites to study the tensile properties of aluminium 6061 reinforced with steel machining chips AISI 1060.The samples were prepared with different composition of AISI 1060 steel machining chip of 5%, 10% and 15% according to the weight fraction of parameter variable. Two casting processes were applied in this project namely stir casting and sand casting process. The stir casting was used to mix the two different metals to become a composite at temperature between 750℃ to 800℃ in a furnace while sand casting was used to fabricate the samples into ASTM-E8M standard for tensile testing. The results showed that the samples with higher reinforcement percentages of steel machining (15%) showed higher tensile stress and higher modulus value characteristic compared to other samples. The experiment proved that the reinforcement material has good mechanical properties compared to the pure material