Toxic Gases in Mining

Rapid detection of causes of mining accidents leading to emergencies is to search the  efforts. Controlling fires and gas leaks provides an immediate approach to rescue work for fatalities or injuries and detecting who needs resuscitation outside the mine. Evacuation and recovery operations should be guided by continuous monitoring of the mine environment due to fire and explosion hazards. The main toxic gases in mines are carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2); flammable gases are methane (CH4), CO and hydrogen (H2); suffocating gases are CO2, nitrogen (N20) and CH4; and the toxic gases are CO, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S)

Micropropagación de líneas clonales de alcachofa con espinas (Cynara scolymus L.)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro propagation ability of 10 clonal lines of thorny globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). The study methodology comprised five stages of evaluation. The stages evaluated were initiation, multiplication, rooting, acclimatization, and transplant to the field. The study began with the initiation of dissected shoot tips of 10 clonal lines in test tubes containing the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Best results were obtained when explants were cultured on an induction medium containing MS + naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 1.0 mg l−1 + benzyl aminopurine (BA) 1.0 mg l−1, highlighting clonal lines L-250, L-132, and L-62. Because of high rates of vitrification and phenolization in the initial stage, clonal lines L-24, L-127, and L-142 were discarded from the study. Therefore, only seven clonal lines were included for evaluation in the multiplication stage. Once the microplants were obtained under laboratory condition in the culture medium, they were immediately transferred to a proliferation medium containing MS + BA 1.0 mg l−1. Only in three clonal lines (L-132, L-200, and L-250), a high multiplication rate (3.5 shoots/explant) was achieved with axillary bud formation. Of the seven clonal lines evaluated, clonal line L-250 achieved the highest rates in the variables shoot height (3.38 cm), number of leaves (13.4), and number of shoots/explant (4.4). In the rooting stage, clonal line L-250 obtained a significant improvement by transferring plantlets to direct acclimatization after 20 days of in vitro root induction in a medium containing MS + NAA 1.0 mg l−1. Similarly, in the acclimatization stage, the clonal line L-250 showed a significant result. Then, in the transplantation stage, the plants were transplanted to the field with 100% rooting; 30 days after the transplantation, the clonal line L-250 obtained 100% survival in the field than the control treatments (offspring from two locations were used – Mito and Alayo). As the rooting period is reduced by approximately 20 days by inducing direct root formation under greenhouse conditions, the micropropagation technique is optimized with the protocol used in this study

Trends in Underground Mining

In this document, we will talk through information collected on all trends in mining in the underground environment as much as what happens in the world as or new machinery America provides the highest mining production in underground mining. We often discover opportunities for improvement in both productivity and costs. Of all these methods, braking is not only the most common, but also offers the largest share of overall production, nearly 50 percent. These underground mining methods are often determined by the deposits and the economics of mining and are therefore somewhat beyond the control of the operator(Trends in underground mining for gold and base metals | McKinsey, s. f.

Strategic Environmental Planning for Deep Seabed Mining in the Area

Discussions approximately an environmental control method for deep seabed mining in the Area had been underway for some the years. Both states and scientists have known for such an environmental control method. In 2018, the International Seabed Authority has followed its first 5-year strategic plan, masking all elements of its mandate. This article examines the brand-new strategic plan integrates factors of an environmental control method and what is probably missing. It demonstrates that even as a few overlaps exist, there are numerous key gaps left via way of means of the modern strategic plan which will be stuffed via the way of means of an environmental control method. To operationalize those desires and objectives, development ought to be measurable; thus, objectives are set, reviews are assessed, and suitable responses are awarded. Many control equipment and toots are relevant for accomplishing environmental desires. To date, the ISA has taken into consideration marine spatial making plans in large part across the modern exploration settlement blocks. Other factors of environmental control, which include the necessities for baseline studies, effect assessment, post-effect tracking, and the remedy of dangerous consequences and extreme damage want to be carried out to assist well-described environmental desires and objectives. We advocate that this making plans be done for scales largethan man or woman blocks, through a Strategic Environmental Management Plan, to make certain sustainable use of ocean assets throughout the Area

Índice de dispersión poblacional distrital (IDP) para la estimación de necesidades de recursos humanos en salud del primer nivel de atención

Introduction: The Ministry of Health of Peru (MINSA) is implementing policies and strategies to ensure equitable access to care, timeliness and quality. Sufficient human resources (RHUS) properly distributed in the different levels of care is needed to accomplish this. Thus, it is essential to adequately estimate the gap of RHUS, especially at primary care level. Objectives: To develop, validate and implement a district population dispersion index (IDP) characterizing the district, and to provide dispersion in estimating RHUS gap at primary care level. Design: Observational and analytical study. Location: Directorate General Management Human Resources Development MINSA, Peru. Participants: All districts of Peru were considered for analysis. Interventions: An exploratory factor analysis was performed. It considered demographic, social and economic access to health services, obtained from the Population and Housing Censuses (2005 and 2007) and the National Continuing Survey (2006) variables. The IDP was structured and validated against the official list of villages and the perception of health officers of regional governments. Main outcome measures: IDP. Results: Out of 1 831 municipalities evaluated, we classified 1 277 districts as rural, according to the classification of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers (PCM). They were considered as scattered by the methodology. Concordance was 82%. Conclusions: The IDP is a useful indicator to estimate the gaps of RHUS for health services at primary care level in Peru.Introducción: El Ministerio de Salud de Perú (MINSA) viene implementando políticas y estrategias orientadas a garantizar el acceso a atención con equidad, oportunidad y calidad; para lo cual se requiere contar con recursos humanos (RHUS) suficientes y adecuadamente distribuidos en los diferentes niveles de atención. Así, es fundamental estimar la brecha de RHUS especialmente en el primer nivel de atención, incorporando en particular como criterio, la dispersión poblacional presente en el país. Objetivos: Diseñar, validar y aplicar un índice de dispersión poblacional distrital (IDP) que caracterice la dispersión distrital y aporte en la estimación de brecha de RHUS en el primer nivel de atención. Diseño: Estudio observacional y analítico, análisis multivariado. Lugar: Dirección General de Gestión del Desarrollo de Recursos Humanos MINSA, Perú. Participantes: Se consideró como unidad de análisis la totalidad de los distritos del Perú. Intervenciones: Análisis factorial exploratorio que considera variables demográficas, sociales, económicas y de acceso a los servicios de salud, obtenidas de los Censos de Población y Vivienda (2005 y 2007) y la Encuesta Nacional Continua (2006). Principales medidas de resultado: Índice de dispersión poblacional distrital. Resultados: El IDP fue estructurado y validado con la relación oficial de municipios rurales y la percepción de los operadores sanitarios de los Gobiernos Regionales del país. De las 1 831 municipalidades evaluadas, se clasificó los 1 277 distritos considerados rurales de acuerdo a la clasificación de Presidencia de Consejo de Ministros (PCM) como dispersos por la metodología; se identificó un 82% de concordancia. Conclusiones: El IDP diseñado y validado aporta en la estimación de brechas de RHUS para los servicios asistenciales del primer nivel de atención en el Perú

Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Berberine Delivery System in Cancer Treatment: Pulling Strings to Keep Berberine in Power

Cancer is a multifactorial disease characterized by complex molecular landscape and altered cell pathways that results in an abnormal cell growth. Natural compounds are target-specific and pose a limited cytotoxicity; therefore, can aid in the development of new therapeutic interventions for the treatment of this versatile disease. Berberine is a member of the protoberberine alkaloids family, mainly present in the root, stem, and bark of various trees, and has a reputed anticancer activity. Nonetheless, the limited bioavailability and low absorption rate are the two major hindrances following berberine administration as only 0.5% of ingested berberine absorbed in small intestine while this percentage is further decreased to 0.35%, when enter in systemic circulation. Nano-based formulation is believed to be an ideal candidate to increase absorption percentage as at nano scale level, compounds can absorb rapidly in gut. Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have been implemented to overcome such problems, ultimately promoting a higher efficacy in the treatment of a plethora of diseases. This review present and critically discusses the anti-proliferative role of berberine and the nanotechnology-based therapeutic strategies used for the nano-scale delivery of berberine. Finally, the current approaches and promising perspectives of latest delivery of this alkaloid are also critically analyzed and discussed.NC-M acknowledges the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under Horizon 2020 Program (PTDC/PSI-GER/28076/2017)

Effect of sulphur levels in the production, chemical composition and digestibility of hydroponic green fodder barley (Hordeum vulgare L)

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la influencia de los niveles de azufre como aditivo en la producción, composición química bromatológica y digestibilidad del forraje verde hidropónico de la cebada. Se emplearon cuatro niveles de azufre: 0, 20, 30 y 40 ppm, y la cosecha se realizó a los 18 días. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones. La producción de biomasa (PB) y altura de tallo (AT) fue de 34.9±0.5 kg¬¬¬¬/m2 y 14.61±1.38 cm, respectivamente, con una respuesta lineal para PB de Y=5.33+0.67X y para AT de Y=10.10+1.80X. El nivel 0 ppm de S presentó mayores contenidos de proteína cruda (PC) y extracto libre de nitrógeno (ELN): 12.95±4.21% y 55.19±3.95%, respectivamente; el nivel 30 ppm de S presentó mayores contenidos de fibra cruda (FC) y fibra detergente neutro (FDN): 23.61±3.65% y 65.95±4.15%, respectivamente; y el nivel de 40 ppm presentó mayores contenidos de extracto etéreo (EE) y ceniza (C): 3.88±3.15%, y 4.61±2.98%, respectivamente. Los valores de la digestibilidad aparente de FC y EE fueron significativamente influenciados por los niveles de azufre.This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sulfur levels as additive in the production, chemical composition and digestibility of hydroponic green fodder barley. Four levels of S were used: 0, 20, 30 and 40 ppm and harvest was done at 18 days. A completely random design was used with five repetitions. Biomass production (PB) and the height of stem (AT) were 34.9±0.5 kg/m2 and 14.61±1.38 cm, respectively, having a lineal response for PB (Y=5.33+0.67X) and AT (Y=10.10+1.80X). The 0 S level showed higher crude protein (CP) content and nitrogen-free extract: 12.95±4.21% and 55.19±3.95% respectively; the 30 ppm level showed higher content of crude fibre (CF) to the raw fiber and neutral detergent fiber (NDF): 23.61±3.65% and 65.95±4.15% respectively; and the 40 ppm level showed higher content of ether extract (EE) and ash: 3.88±3.15% and 4.61±2.98%, respectively. The apparent digestibility of CF and EE were significantly affected by sulfur levels

Targeting androgen receptor signaling with MicroRNAs and Curcumin: a promising therapeutic approach for Prostate Cancer Prevention and intervention

Prostate cancer (PC) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the abrogation of androgen receptor signaling. Advancement in microbiology techniques has highlighted the significant role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the progression of PC cells from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent state. At that stage, prostate tumors also fail to respond to currently practiced hormone therapies. So, studies in recent decades are focused on investigating the anti-tumor effects of natural compounds in PC. Curcumin is widely recognized and now of huge prestige for its anti-proliferative abilities in different types of cancer. However, its limited solubility, compatibility, and instability in the aqueous phase are major hurdles when administering. Nanoformulations have proven to be an excellent drug delivery system for various drugs and can be used as potential delivery platforms for curcumin in PC. In this review, a shed light is given on the miRNAs-mediated regulation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling and miRNA-curcumin interplay in PC, as well as on curcumin-based nanoformulations that can be used as possible therapeutic solutions for PC

Use of Individual-Level Covariates to Improve Latent Class Analysis of Trypanosoma Cruzi Diagnostic Tests

Statistical methods such as latent class analysis can estimate the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests when no perfect reference test exists. Traditional latent class methods assume a constant disease prevalence in one or more tested populations. When the risk of disease varies in a known way, these models fail to take advantage of additional information that can be obtained by measuring risk factors at the level of the individual. We show that by incorporating complex field-based epidemiologic data, in which the disease prevalence varies as a continuous function of individual-level covariates, our model produces more accurate sensitivity and specificity estimates than previous methods. We apply this technique to several simulated populations and to actual Chagas disease test data from a community near Arequipa, Peru. Results from our model estimate that the first-line enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has a sensitivity of 78% (95% CI: 62-100%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI: 99-100%). The confirmatory immunofluorescence assay is estimated to be 73% sensitive (95% CI: 65-81%) and 99% specific (95% CI: 96-100%)

The Effects of City Streets on an Urban Disease Vector.

With increasing urbanization vector-borne diseases are quickly developing in cities, and urban control strategies are needed. If streets are shown to be barriers to disease vectors, city blocks could be used as a convenient and relevant spatial unit of study and control. Unfortunately, existing spatial analysis tools do not allow for assessment of the impact of an urban grid on the presence of disease agents. Here, we first propose a method to test for the significance of the impact of streets on vector infestation based on a decomposition of Moran’s spatial autocorrelation index; and second, develop a Gaussian Field Latent Class model to finely describe the effect of streets while controlling for cofactors and imperfect detection of vectors. We apply these methods to cross-sectional data of infestation by the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in the city of Arequipa, Peru. Our Moran’s decomposition test reveals that the distribution of T. infestans in this urban environment is significantly constrained by streets (p,0.05). With the Gaussian Field Latent Class model we confirm that streets provide a barrier against infestation and further show that greater than 90% of the spatial component of the probability of vector presence is explained by the correlation among houses within city blocks. The city block is thus likely to be an appropriate spatial unit to describe and control T. infestans in an urban context. Characteristics of the urban grid can influence the spatial dynamics of vector borne disease and should be considered when designing public health policies