Human pallial MGE-type GABAergic interneuron cell therapy for chronic focal epilepsy

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is the most common focal epilepsy. One-third of patients have drug-refractory seizures and are left with suboptimal therapeutic options such as brain tissue-destructive surgery. Here, we report the development and characterization of a cell therapy alternative for drug-resistant MTLE, which is derived from a human embryonic stem cell line and comprises cryopreserved, post-mitotic, medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) pallial-type GABAergic interneurons. Single-dose intrahippocampal delivery of the interneurons in a mouse model of chronic MTLE resulted in consistent mesiotemporal seizure suppression, with most animals becoming seizure-free and surviving longer. The grafted interneurons dispersed locally, functionally integrated, persisted long term, and significantly reduced dentate granule cell dispersion, a pathological hallmark of MTLE. These disease-modifying effects were dose-dependent, with a broad therapeutic range. No adverse effects were observed. These findings support an ongoing phase 1/2 clinical trial (NCT05135091) for drug-resistant MTLE

Sl-ARF4,an Auxin Response Factor involved in the control of sugar metabolism during tomato fruit development

Successful completion of fruit developmental programs depends on the interplay between multiple phytohormones. However,besides ethylene, the impact of other hormones on fruit quality traits remains elusive. A previous study has shown that downregulation of SlARF4, a member of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) auxin response factor (ARF) gene family, results in a darkgreen fruit phenotype with increased chloroplasts (Jones et al., 2002). This study further examines the role of this auxin transcriptional regulator during tomato fruit development at the level of transcripts, enzyme activities, and metabolites. It is noteworthy that the dark-green phenotype of antisense SlARF4-suppressed lines is restricted to fruit, suggesting that SlARF4 controls chlorophyll accumulation specifically in this organ. The SlARF4 underexpressing lines accumulate more starch at early stages of fruit development and display enhanced chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency, which is consistent with the idea that fruit photosynthetic activity accounts for the elevated starch levels. SlARF4 expression is high in pericarp tissues of immature fruit and then undergoes a dramatic decline at the onset of ripening concomitant with the increase in sugar content. The higher starch content in developing fruits of SlARF4 down-regulated lines correlates with the up-regulation of genes and enzyme activities involved in starch biosynthesis, suggesting their negative regulation by SlARF4. Altogether, the data uncover the involvement of ARFs in the control of sugar content, an essential feature of fruit quality, and provide insight into the link between auxin signaling, chloroplastic activity, and sugar metabolism in developing fruit

Ethylene stimulates growth and affects fatty acid content of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

This set of results shows that the growth of wild type Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was enhanced by exogenous ethylene and inhibited by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a specific inhibitor of ethylene receptors. The fact that the growth of a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 strain with the ethylene receptor deleted was unaffected by exogenous ethylene, brings additional proof that this is a specific effect of ethylene. The results also confirm previous observations regarding the positive impact of ethylene on the photochemical efficiency of PSII. Additionally, it was observed that exogenous ethylene enhanced accumulation of C16:0 and C18:0 and C18:1 in the wild type strain. Finally, observations were performed regarding the capacity of the wild type strain to biosynthesize ethylene in the culture medium in the presence of methionine. These results and the recent description of an ethylene receptor in Synechocystis should lead to new areas of research in the field of microalgae

Impact of clinical and genetic findings on the management of young patients with Brugada syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an arrhythmogenic disease associated with sudden cardiac death (SCD) that seldom manifests or is recognized in childhood. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical presentation of pediatric BrS to identify prognostic factors for risk stratification and to propose a data-based approach management. METHODS: We studied 106 patients younger than 19 years at diagnosis of BrS enrolled from 16 European hospitals. RESULTS: At diagnosis, BrS was spontaneous (n = 36, 34%) or drug-induced (n = 70, 66%). The mean age was 11.1 ± 5.7 years, and most patients were asymptomatic (family screening, (n = 67, 63%; incidental, n = 13, 12%), while 15 (14%) experienced syncope, 6(6%) aborted SCD or symptomatic ventricular tachycardia, and 5 (5%) other symptoms. During follow-up (median 54 months), 10 (9%) patients had life-threatening arrhythmias (LTA), including 3 (3%) deaths. Six (6%) experienced syncope and 4 (4%) supraventricular tachycardia. Fever triggered 27% of LTA events. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator was implanted in 22 (21%), with major adverse events in 41%. Of the 11 (10%) patients treated with hydroquinidine, 8 remained asymptomatic. Genetic testing was performed in 75 (71%) patients, and SCN5A rare variants were identified in 58 (55%); 15 of 32 tested probands (47%) were genotype positive. Nine of 10 patients with LTA underwent genetic testing, and all were genotype positive, whereas the 17 SCN5A-negative patients remained asymptomatic. Spontaneous Brugada type 1 electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern (P = .005) and symptoms at diagnosis (P = .001) were predictors of LTA. Time to the first LTA event was shorter in patients with both symptoms at diagnosis and spontaneous Brugada type 1 ECG pattern (P = .006). CONCLUSION: Spontaneous Brugada type 1 ECG pattern and symptoms at diagnosis are predictors of LTA events in the young affected by BrS. The management of BrS should become age-specific, and prevention of SCD may involve genetic testing and aggressive use of antipyretics and quinidine, with risk-specific consideration for the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

Outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation with haploidentical versus HLA-matched donors in patients with higher-risk MDS.

peer reviewedAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the best curative option for higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome. The presence of monosomal karyotype and/or complex karyotype abnormalities predicts inferior survival after allo-SCT in MDS patients. Haploidentical allo-SCT has been increasingly used in acute leukemia (AL) and has similar results as using HLA-matched donors, but data on higher-risk MDS is sparse. We compared outcomes in 266 patients with higher-risk MDS after HLA-matched sibling donor (MSD, n = 79), HLA-matched unrelated donor (MUD, n = 139) and HLA haploidentical donor (HID, n = 48) from 2010 to 2019. Median donor age differed between the three groups (p < 0.001). The overall survival was significantly different between the three groups with a better OS observed in the MUD group (p = 0.014). This observation could be explained by a higher progression-free survival with MUD (p = 0.014). The cumulative incidence of grade 2-4 acute GvHD was significantly higher in the HID group (p = 0.051). However, in multivariable analysis, patients transplanted using an HID had comparable mortality to patients transplanted using a MUD (subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR]: 0.58 [0.32-1.07]; p = 0.080) and a MSD ([sHR]: 0.56 [0.28-1.11]; p = 0.094). MUD do not remain a significant positive predictor of survival, suggesting that beyond the donor-recipient HLA matching, the donor age might impact recipient outcome

Bone marrow graft versus peripheral blood graft in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cells transplantation: a retrospective analysis in1344 patients of SFGM-TC registry.

peer reviewedThe use of peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) stem cells graft in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis remains controversial. Moreover, the value of adding anti-thymoglobulin (ATG) to PTCy is unknown. A total of 1344 adult patients received an unmanipulated haploidentical transplant at 37 centers from 2012 to 2019 for hematologic malignancy. We compared the outcomes of patients according to the type of graft, using a propensity score analysis. In total population, grade II-IV and III-IV acute GVHD (aGVHD) were lower with BM than with PB. Grade III-IV aGVHD was lower with BM than with PB + ATG. All outcomes were similar in PB and PB + ATG groups. Then, in total population, adding ATG does not benefit the procedure. In acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative syndrome (AL-MDS-MPS) subgroup receiving non-myeloablative conditioning, risk of relapse was twice greater with BM than with PB (51 vs. 22%, respectively). Conversely, risk of aGVHD was greater with PB (38% for aGVHD II-IV; 16% for aGVHD III-IV) than with BM (28% for aGVHD II-IV; 8% for aGVHD III-IV). In this subgroup with intensified conditioning regimen, risk of relapse became similar with PB and BM but risk of aGVHD III-IV remained higher with PB than with BM graft (HR = 2.0; range [1.17-3.43], p = 0.012)

Use of human pluripotent stem cells for the development of phenotypic screening in the context of myotonic dystrophy type 1 and spinal muscular atrophy

Les cellules souches pluripotentes (CSP) humaines sont devenues en quelques années des modèles de choix pour étudier les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires qui gouvernent l'apparition de maladies monogéniques, mais également pour le développement de criblages à haut débits afin d'identifier parmi plusieurs milliers de molécules chimiques celles qui ont un potentiel thérapeutique. C'est dans ce contexte de criblage que mes travaux de thèse s'inscrivent, alliant automatisation et miniaturisation de la biologie des CSP dans le cadre de deux maladies monogéniques, l'amyotrophie spinale infantile (SMA) et la dystrophie myotonique de type I (DM1). De manière générale, la mise en place d'une telle stratégie repose sur trois étapes essentielles qui sont l'obtention de CSP porteuses d'une mutation donnée, l'identification d'un modèle d'étude pertinent et la réalisation du criblage à proprement parlé. L'obtention de CSP humaines repose sur deux approches principales. La première consiste en la dérivation de cellules embryonnaires humaine (hES) issues de diagnostiques préimplantatoires et la seconde repose sur la reprogrammation de cellules somatiques par l'induction de pluripotence (iPS). Une partie de mon travail a consisté en la création de cellules iPS modèles de la SMA et leur caractérisation par une approche à haut débit. Par la suite un travail d'optimisation du protocole de génération de motoneurones à partir de CSP humaines a permis d'accélérer et augmenter les rendements de production de ces cellules qui sont principalement affectées dans la SMA. Enfin, l'utilisation de cellules hES porteuses de la mutation causale de la DM1 a permis le criblage de 12000 molécules et a conduit à l'identification d'une famille chimique capable de restaurer plusieurs défauts typiques de cette maladie tels que des défauts d'épissage et de fusion moléculaire.For only few years, Human pluripotent stem cells (PSC) have become wide spread models in order to study and decipher cellular or molecular mechanims involved in monogenic diseases, but also for the development of large scale screening strategies allowing the identification of new therapeutics among thousands of chemicals. Mythesis research aimed at the development of such strategies, miniaturizing and automating PSC biology within the framework of two monogenic diseases, namely spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1).Basically, PSC based screening programs are generally built around three main steps which are the access to a stem cell model, the identification of a relevant cell type and lastly the screening campaign. There is actually two main ways to generate human PSC. Firstly, human embryonic stem cells (hES) can be derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyte through a pre-implantation diagnosis and secondly, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) can be generated after somatic cell reprogramming in vitro. A part of my work has consisted in the generation of hiPS cellular models for SMA by reprogramming fibroplasts that carried SMN1 gene deletion, followed bay the characterization of several dozen of independant clones with high throughput. Then an optimization process of the protocol for the generation of Motoneuron from PSC has been done multiplying experimental conditions. This finally allowed the description of a fast and efficient protocol to generate the most affected cell type in SMA. Finally, DM1 mutated hES were uded for the screening of 12.000 compounds among which a chemical family has been identified to rescue DM1 typical splicing and myogenesis defects

Anatomie et scanner (superposition ou déformation ?)

NICE-Antenne de St Jean d'Angely (060882105) / SudocNICE-BU Médecine Odontologie (060882102) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF