Rice fields are considered to be among the highest sources of atmospheric methane, an important source of global warming. In order to meet the projected rice needs of the increasing world population, it is estimated that the annual world's rough rice production must increase to 760 million tons (a 65% increase) in the next 30 years. This will increase methane emissions from rice fields if current technologies are kept (Minami and Neue, 1993). Indonesia, a country of which rice is one of its staple foods, produces 43.2 M tons of rice per year (Indonesia's Central Bureau of Statistics, 1992). It is produced from wetland paddy of 9.2 M ha and 1.2 M ha dry land paddy.

Rice fields are considered to be among the highest sources of atmospheric methane, an important source of global warming. In order to meet the projected rice needs of the increasing world population, it is estimated that the annual world's rough rice production must increase to 760 million tons (a 65% increase) in the next 30 years. This will increase methane emissions from rice fields if current technologies are kept (Minami and Neue, 1993). Indonesia, a country of which rice is one of its staple foods, produces 43.2 M tons of rice per year (Indonesia's Central Bureau of Statistics, 1992). It is produced from wetland paddy of 9.2 M ha and 1.2 M ha dry land paddy.

On the Performance Analysis and Environmental Impact of Concrete with Coal Fly Ash and Bottom Ash

Coal is a commonly used fuel by coal power plants that produce coal fly ash and coal bottom ash (coal FABA) as byproducts. The latest regulation in Indonesia changes coal FABA classification to non-toxic waste, which opens up its utilization possibility. This paper analyses the coal FABA potential from Suralaya Coal Power Plant as concrete material and its environmental impact. To determine coal FABA potential, the methods used in this paper are slump test, compressive strength test, flexural strength test, and carbon footprint calculation. This paper shows that concrete mixture with coal FABA content has a lower slump value, lower compressive strength, and generally lower flexural strength. Furthermore, the carbon footprint calculation result shows that concrete mixture with coal FABA content has lower CO2 emissions than conventional concrete. Finally, the result shows that concrete with coal FABA could be used as non-structural concrete

Food Waste Management Utilizing Black Soldier Fly Larvae

Food waste is a growing concern in developing countries. This study aims to implement food waste bioconversion by utilizing black solider fly larvae for two eateries' food waste. The bioconversion process used 0.5 g of black solider fly eggs for 14 days in the six bio ponds. After 14 days, the waste, larvae, and compost are separated using sieves to measure the larvae and compost production. The bioconversion process is evaluated based on bioconversion characteristics and black soldier fly larvae and compost produced. Waste Reduction Index, Fresh Matter Consumption Rate, Dry Matter Consumption Rate, Dry Matter Rate, and Efficiency of Conversion of Digested Feed evaluated the bioconversion characteristics for reduction. According to the experimental results, utilizing BSFL is adequate for food waste management, effectively reducing up to 62.6%. Simultaneously, the fresh larvae and compost are produced within a 14-day bioconversion process. The compost meets standards for the nitrogen, C/N ratio, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron content (SNI 19-7030-2004)

Pemanfaatan Tandan Kosong Sawit Dan Rumput Sebagai Bahan Kompos di PT Bukit Asam, Sumatera Selatan

PT Bukit Asam had strategies to improve soil fertility in the ex-mine land using compost. The amount of compost added to the soil depend on the extent of reclamation area. Oil palm empty fruit bunch and grass are highly potential to be used as the compost materials in reclamation area. The objectives of the research were to characterize the compost from oil palm empty fruit bunch and grass, and to compare the suitability between the result of this research and nasional standard compost. Oil palm empty fruit bunch and grass were obtained from PT Bumi Sawindo Permai and reclamation area of PT Bukit Asam, respectively. Composting site was located in the ex-mine land of PT Bukit Asam. Composting method used passively aerated static pile system. The results showed that the compost characteristic of oil palm empty fruit bunch compost had a dark yellowish brown color, pH at 9.3, C/N ratio at 14, and nutrients (C-Organic, N, P, K, and Mn Total). The compost characteristics of grass had a very dark brown, pH at 7.3, C/N ratio at 7, and nutrients (C-Organic, N, P, K, and Mn Total). The compost from oil palm empty fruit bunch and grass were in accordance with the national standard of compost.Keywords: empty fruit bunch, grass, compo

Environmental Odor Analysis in West and East Java’s Ambient Air and Odor Reduction Using Biofilter Model

The odor affects both one’s health and quality of life. This study measures and analyzes odor concentration and odor sources in ambient air, the correlation between odor gas concentration and the hedonic scale, and the design of an odor-reduction instrument. The research commenced from February to May 2022 in the small industrial area (SIA) of Magetan Regency and compost bins of Bogor City. Data was collected through chemical analysis, and the hedonic scale was measured at four points divided into radii one and two. The concentration of odor parameters in Magetan and Bogor City is below the quality standard, while the correlation between ammonia gas concentration and the hedonic scale is low. Regarding the biofilter, its odor reduction efficiency is 35% for rotten fish, 70% for goat manure, 82% for compost waste, and 47% for chicken carcasses

Assessing the Performance of Melted Plastic as a Replacement for Sand in Paving Block

Plastic waste generates numerous environmental problems, such as garbage accumulation and plastic waste pollution in the oceans. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of melted plastic waste as a substitute material in paving blocks. The melted low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic is used as the cemented agent in the paving block. After melting, the melted LDPE plastic is mixed thoroughly with sand immediately and forms a paving block mold. The effectiveness of melted plastic as a bonding agent is evaluated based on the parameters of compressive strength, water absorption, and wear resistance. The results show that paving blocks with a melted plastic of 10% reach the required level of 9.39 MPa for the park. Hence, using melted plastic in paving blocks can be an alternative strategy to reduce plastic waste

ANALISIS EKSERGI PADA TEKNOLOGI PRODUKSI BIODIESEL KELAPA SAWIT

ABSTRAKBiodiesel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang dapat menggantikan bahan bakar diesel, karena sifatnya yang terbarukan dan ramah lingkungan. Biodiesel dapat diproduksi baik secara proses katalitik ataupun non-katalitik. Makalah ini membahas dua teknologi yang berbeda dalam memproduksi biodiesel kelapa sawit, yaitu proses katalitik yang menggunakan katalis basa dan proses non katalitik uap metanol superheated (superheated methanol vapor / SMV). Analisis eksergi dilakukan untuk membandingkan kedua teknologi tersebut. Sistem tertutup diasumsikan pada analisis eksergi, sedangkan eksergi kinetik dan potensial diabaikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total efisiensi eksergi untuk proses non-katalitik SMV lebih rendah dibandingkan proses katalitik, yaitu sebesar 92,61% dan 95,37%, secara berurutan. Proses penguapan metanol memberikan kontribusi yang tinggi pada ireversibilitas (tidak mampu balik), yaitu sebesar 2802.07 kJ/kg biodiesel. Penerapan proses resirkulasi panas dapat meningkatkan efisiensi eksergi pada proses produksi biodiesel, terutama apabila metode SMV akan diterapkan. Ireversibilitas pada proses non-katalitik SMV lebih tinggi dibandingkan proses katalitik, karena kebutuhan suhu yang tinggi pada proses non-katalitik SMV. Oleh karena itu, perbaikan proses SMV sangat perlu dilakukan, terutama pada proses penguapan metanol, guna meningkatnya efisiensi proses tersebut.Kata kunci: minyak sawit, biodiesel, uap metanol superheated, katalis basa, analisis ekserg

KAJIAN PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN LUMPUR MINYAK TERHADAP KONSENTRASI TOTAL PARTIKULAT TERSUSPENSI (TSP) DAN SULFUR DIOKSIDA (SO2) DARI EMISI TANUR PUTAR INDUSTRI SEMEN (Assessment of Oil Sludge Utilization Influence on Total Suspended Particulate)

ABSTRAKIndustri semen merupakan industri padat energi dengan memanfaatkan bahan bakar fosil. Beberapa pabrik semen mencari sumber energi alternatif mengingat cadangan bahan bakar fosil terbatas dengan harga yang meningkat. Di sisi lain, pengelolaan limbah sangat dibutuhkan sebagai dampak dari aktivitas perindustrian. Co-processing merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut dengan memanfaatkan limbah industri sebagai sumber energi baru. Salah satu limbah yang dapat dimanfaatkan adalah lumpur minyak. Atas dasar deskripsi tersebut, tujuan penelitian ini untuk membandingkan konsentrasi Total Partikulat Tersuspensi (TSP) dan sulfur dioksida (SO2) yang diemisikan dari tanur industri semen saat menggunakan bahan bakar utama (batu bara) dan batu bara yang digabung dengan lumpur minyak, membandingkan konsentrasi setiap kondisi dengan nilai baku mutu yang berlaku, serta mengkaji karakteristik lumpur minyak sebagai bahan bakar alternatif. Pengambilan contoh uji dilakukan di salah satu industri semen yang telah memanfaatkan bahan bakar alternatif dengan mengacu pada  standar internasional EN 13284-1 dan  ISO 7934. Konsentrasi rata-rata TSP dan SO2 saat penggunaan batu bara masing-masing diperoleh sebesar 31,48 dan 19,67 mg/Nm3, sementara saat penggunaan batu bara dan lumpur minyak masing-masing adalah 19,60 dan 12,21 mg/Nm3. Kedua konsentrasi berada di bawah ambang batas baku mutu emisi masing-masing. Dari hasil beberapa penelitian, kandungan terbesar lumpur minyak berupa senyawa-senyawa organik terutama hidrokarbon. Kandungan abu dalam lumpur minyak berkisar 1,88-18,51% dan kandungan sulfur berkisar 2,06-2,26% dari total persen berat, sehingga emisi TSP dan SO2 yang dihasilkan relatif rendah.ABSTRACTCement industry needs lots of energy, which fulfilled by fossil fuel. Therefore, finding alternative energy should be encouraged. On the other side, there is a need to manage the waste as the result of industrial activities. One of the alternatives is co-processing, which is a process to recover the energy and waste for industrial production process. One of the waste that has been used is oil sludge. The purposes of this research were to compare the concentration of Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) when they use coal only and coal which added by oil sludge, to compare the concentrations with the standard limit, also to characterize the oil sludge. Samples were taken at one of the cement industries that have used alternative fuel  according to international standard EN 13284-1 and ISO 7934. The average concentration of TSP and SO2 which only used coal were 31.48 and 19.67 mg/Nm3 respectively, while the TSP and SO2 concentration that used coal and oil sludge were 19.6 and 12.21 mg/Nm3, respectively. The concentration of TSP and SO2 were below the standard limit. The major content of oil sludge are organic compounds, especially hydrocarbon. In the oil sludge, ash content ranged between 1.88-18.51% and sulfur content ranged between 2.06-2.26% of the total weight, so the TSP and SO2 emissions may be produced in low concentration

ANALISIS BEBAN EMISI UDARA PRIMER DI PROVINSI BANGKA BELITUNG

Economic growth in Bangka Belitung Province is likely to increase. Such improvements have implications on the growing need for fossil fuels from various sectors that cause changes in air quality. Ministry of the Environment recommends doing an inventory of emissions. The load of emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM10) is the primary air pollutants dangerous to be inventoried. The average load of SO2 emission Bangka Belitung province of 6,045.89 tons/year and the largest contributor came from the industrial sector (41.43%). Load of NOx emissions by 16,324.84 tons/year, CO amounted to 75,639.01 tons/year, and PM10 amounted to 2,750.66 tons/year. The transportation sector is the largest contributor of load NOx emissions (62.11%), CO (96.58%), and PM10 (79.93%). The largest contributor of load of emissions SO2, NOx, CO, and PM10 in Bangka Belitung is Bangka. Bangka Belitung Provincial Government planned several strategies to reduce the load of emissions include smart driving, energy audit, centralized power plants, and the conversion of kerosene to LPG in the domestic sector. With the implementation of this strategy is expected to reduce load of emissions by 30%

Evaluation of the Air Pollutant Standard Index (ISPU) parameter concentration limits in industrial estates on Java Island

Due to the harmful effects of air pollution on health, outdoor air pollution standards are getting stricter. Because of environmental changes, the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 14/2020 must reevaluate the concentration limits for ISPU parameters. This study aimed to examine the concentration ranges and ISPU values for SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and PM10 in industrial estates on Java Island, and set concentration limits for five relevant ISPU parameters based on the results of monitoring, sampling, and toxicity studies. A drop in the average concentration of the five ISPU parameters in 2022 compared to monitoring from 2015 to 2019 shows that the air quality in industrial estates on Java Island is improving. The ISPU values between 10 and 56 are in the good-to-moderate range, which means that the air quality is still good enough for the health of humans, animals, and plants. The relevant concentration limit recommendations for ISPU in good-to-moderate categories for SO2, NO2, CO, O3, and PM10 were 42–77 μg/Nm3, 29–120 μg/Nm3, 3519–5037 μg/Nm3, 33–97 μg/Nm3, and 29–82 μg/Nm3, respectively. The results of this study can be used to improve Indonesia’s ambient air quality index system (ISPU)