Integrating stimulation practices with geo-mechanical properties in liquid-rich plays of Eagle Ford Shale

Many of the techniques for hydraulically fracturing design were attempted in the liquid-rich Eagle Ford developments. This study shows why different results were observed due to the variation of geomechanical stresses of the rock across a play and related reservoir properties. An optimum treatment for a liquids-rich objective is much different than that for a gas shale due primarily to the multiphase flow and higher viscosities encountered.;This study presents a new treatment workflow for liquids-rich window of Eagle Ford Shale. Review and integration of data from multiple sets across the play are used as input to a 3D hydraulic fracture simulator to model key fracture parameters which control production enhancement. These results are then used within a production analysis and forecast, well optimization, and economic model to compare treatment designs with the best placement of proppant to deliver both high initial production and long term ultimate recoveries.;A key focus for this workflow is to maximize proppant transport to achieve a continuous - optimum conductive - fracture half length. Often, due to the complexity of unconventional deposition, it is difficult to maintain complete connectivity of a proppant pack back to the wellbore. As a result, much of the potential of the fracture network is lost. Understanding the interaction of a hydraulic fracture and the rock fabric helps with designing this behavior to achieve the best results. These results are used to determine optimum well spacing to effectively develop within a selected reservoir acreage.;Currently, numerous wells exist with over two years of production history in much of the Eagle Ford shale formation. Results from this study are used to compare values from field production to demonstrate the importance of employing a diligent workflow in integrating reservoir and operational parameters to the fracture design. A proper understanding and application of hydraulic fracturing modeling is achieved using the methodology presented in this study

Wideband textile antenna for WLAN and WIMAX applications

Antennas that available in the industry have designed for one purpose application with narrow band which makes the system functions with more than one antenna with a narrow band. Additionally, most existing wideband antennas are not flexible since it uses traditionally rigid material that make them uncomfortable to the user. Therefore, a new technology becomes necessary by designing wideband textile antenna with flexible substrates and cost efficiency. The substrate of the designed antennas is made from denim textile material with size of 45x70 mm, while radiating element and partial ground plane are made from copper tape with circular patch radius of 20.9 mm and feed line of 2.9x20.3 mm. The partial ground has a size of 40x19.65 mm in the lower part of the antenna. The patch has two feed slots with size of 2.80x2.99 mm and in the middle of the circular the is square diamond with size of 8.90 mm and upper square diamond with of 5.49 mm. The design is used both CST and validated by HFSS. The operating frequency of the design is from 2 to 4 GHz with reflection coefficient of - 29.346 dB. It has a gain of 2.378 dB at 2.45 GHz and 3.453 dB at 3.5 GHz. Validated results are compared with CST simulations and acceptable agreement was observed. Furthermore, in this project was analyzed the bending effect of the antenna with radius from 10 to 125 mm and its SAR. The SAR value of the antenna was tested, based on flat and bended antenna to show the radiation effect on the human body phantom, in the case of flat antenna the SAR value is 1.255 W/kg at 2.45 GHz and 1.302 W/kg at 3.5 GHz. Nevertheless, the bended SAR value shows 1.68 at 2.45 GHz and 1.88 W/kg at 3.5 GHz. The SAR values of both antennas are safe according to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP, European standard). The safe level for the standard is 2 W/kg for any 10 grams of tissue

Weather data analysis using R

My primary purpose of undertaking this project during the summer was to develop computational skills in R as well as apply the techniques learnt in class to weather data which is still a relatively unexplored research area in Pakistan utilising the capabilities of

The occurrence and management of accidental childhood poisonings in a South African urban suburb: a mixed-methods study

A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine in the Department of Pharmacy and PharmacologyAccidental poisoning amongst children is a common childhood injury worldwide, attributed commonly to household substances and medications stored within the immediate environment of the child. The incidence of childhood poisonings in South Africa’s most populated and urbanized province of Gauteng is unknown, due to poor record-keeping at medical facilities regarding the incidence and classification of poisoning, coupled with the lack of a local Poison’s Information Centre (PIC). A mixed-methods, case-study design was used to investigate the occurrence of poisonings and poisons management by parents/guardians and healthcare practitioners in the urban suburb of Gauteng, Lenasia. A cross- sectional, self-administered survey was administered to parents/guardians of children attending a random sample of crèches and primary schools in Lenasia, questioning the number of poisonous household substances stored and storage level of these substances, the occurrence of poisoning incidents amongst children and the associated management and knowledge of PIC's. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the local practice of healthcare practitioners regarding accidental childhood poisoning. A total of 4530 questionnaires were handed out, 1730 (38.2%) were returned completed and 256 cases of accidental poisoning were reported. Medications were the most common substances stored, followed by cosmetics and household detergents. More than half (63.26%) of all substances were stored at a level of accessibility to children, with pesticides most commonly stored out of reach of children. The occurrence of a poisoning was significantly associated with the employment status of the mother (p=0.031) and the general non-drug chemical category of household substances (p<0.001) The categories of household substances were significantly associated with the level of storage (p=0.021) and the management of poisoning (p<0.001). There is a lack of knowledge of PIC’s and the prevention and management of poisonings amongst parents/guardians. Semi-structured interviews with healthcare practitioners revealed few cases of poisoning presented at healthcare practitioners, however there is a need for improving health literacy amongst caregivers through community awareness programmes and inter-professional development in addressing this preventable phenomenon amongst children.GR201

Utilization of earth observation technology for mapping spatio-temporal changes of urban water bodies (ponds) and its environmental impacts in Hadejia, Nigeria

Ponds locally called (Kududfi in Hausa) are either naturally or artificially created ditches which usually contained water and constitute significant elements of the settlement in Northern Nigeria which can be expanded beyond their natural depth. Many ponds in the urban centers of developing nations have inlets and outlets for transporting water from small ponds to large ones especially ponds that serve as reservoir for the domestic and rain water storage. Earth observation technology allowed researchers to accurately study the past, current and even predict the future of spatial temporal changes of urban environment including the water bodies (ponds). In developing nations like Nigeria many ancients’ cities became over crowded, this is likely because of their history, opportunities or economic advantages. Nevertheless, many of the ancient’s cities in Africa experienced regular annual urban flood that make the city centers as water logging throughout the wet season due to community culture toward destructions and claiming ownership of water bodies (ponds) either by government officials or individuals which normally serve as a domestic and rain water reservoir. Therefore, this research aimed on the utilization of geospatial technologies for mapping spatial temporal changes of urban water bodies (ponds) and its environment impacts in the study. Research also designed to map the geospatial distribution of ponds (urban water bodies) and how does human activities affect its functions. The satellite image data acquired for years 1999 and 2019 respectively. Nevertheless, the imageries were geometric and radiometric corrected using the quick atmospheric correction (QUAC). The findings indicated that most of the Ponds changed in their size, shape and mainly filled with solid waste. From the analysis of the research shown that annual urban flood is attributed from the destructions of ponds. Changes from other land use types also affect the water bodies such as schools, residential, commercial, etc. the findings also showed the impacts of ponds destructions such as making areas water logged, occurrence of urban flood, change in local climate and alteration of hydro-geomorphic nature of the area