2,562 research outputs found
Precise determination of muon and electromagnetic shower contents from shower universality property
We consider two new aspects of Extensive Air Shower development universality
allowing to make accurate estimation of muon and electromagnetic (EM) shower
contents in two independent ways. In the first case, to get muon (or EM) signal
in water Cherenkov tanks or in scintillator detectors it is enough to know the
vertical depth of shower maximum and the total signal in the ground detector.
In the second case, the EM signal can be calculated from the primary particle
energy and the zenith angle. In both cases the parametrizations of muon and EM
signals are almost independent on primary particle nature, energy and zenith
angle. Implications of the considered properties for mass composition and
hadronic interaction studies are briefly discussed. The present study is
performed on 28000 of proton, oxygen and iron showers, generated with CORSIKA
6.735 for spectrum in the energy range log(E/eV)=18.5-20.0 and
uniformly distributed in cos^2(theta) in zenith angle interval theta=0-65
degrees for QGSJET II/Fluka interaction models.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.
A New Method of Vibration Analysis of Elastic Systems, Based on the Lagrange Equations of the First Kind
 
Consideration of Reaction Forces of Holonomic Constraints as Generalized Coordinates in Approximate Determination of Lower Frequencies of Elastic Systems
A new method for determination of lower frequencies of mechanical systems consisting of elastic bodies connected to each other is offered. The conditions of connection of bodies are written as holonomic constraints, the reactions of which are considered as generalized coordinates. Therefore the number of degrees of freedom proves to be equal to the number of constraints
The Simplest Model of the Turning Movement of a Car with its Possible Sideslip
The simplest model of the turning movement of a car with its possiple sideslip is considered. To this end, a nonholonomic problem with nonretaining constraints is solved. The four possible types of the car motion are studied
Recrystallization and investigation of bismuth thin films by means of electron beam in transmission electron microscope
Thin bismuth films obtained by vacuum deposition were recrystallized under electron beam of scanning electron microscope at 5 kV and examined in a transmission electron microscope at 200 kV. In recrystallized films, various microstructures were detected: single-crystal, polycrystalline and amorphous regions, more or less faceted grains, single crystals and untransparent drop-shaped particles. In the crystallized film, a strong internal bending of the crystal lattice is detected, up to 110 deg/μm. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.Partial support of project 3.6121.2017/8.9 (The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation) and Agreement No 02.A03.21.0006 (Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation) is acknowledged
Report of the Working Group on the Composition of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
For the first time a proper comparison of the average depth of shower maximum
() published by the Pierre Auger and Telescope Array Observatories
is presented. The distributions measured by the Pierre Auger
Observatory were fit using simulated events initiated by four primaries
(proton, helium, nitrogen and iron). The primary abundances which best describe
the Auger data were simulated through the Telescope Array (TA) Middle Drum (MD)
fluorescence and surface detector array. The simulated events were analyzed by
the TA Collaboration using the same procedure as applied to their data. The
result is a simulated version of the Auger data as it would be observed by TA.
This analysis allows a direct comparison of the evolution of with energy of both data sets. The
measured by TA-MD is consistent with a preliminary simulation of the Auger data
through the TA detector and the average difference between the two data sets
was found to be .Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the UHECR workshop, Springdale USA,
201
Morphology of the tropopause layer and lower stratosphere above a tropical cyclone : a case study on cyclone Davina (1999)
During the APE-THESEO mission in the Indian Ocean the Myasishchev Design Bureau stratospheric research aircraft M55 Geophysica performed a flight over and within the inner core region of tropical cyclone Davina. Measurements of total water, water vapour, temperature, aerosol backscattering, ozone and tracers were made and are discussed here in comparison with the averages of those quantities acquired during the campaign time frame. Temperature anomalies in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), warmer than average in the lower part and colder than average in the upper TTL were observed. Ozone was strongly reduced compared to its average value, and thick cirrus decks were present up to the cold point, sometimes topped by a layer of very dry air. Evidence for meridional transport of trace gases in the stratosphere above the cyclone was observed and perturbed water distribution in the TTL was documented. The paper discuss possible processes of dehydration induced by the cirrus forming above the cyclone, and change in the chemical tracer and water distribution in the lower stratosphere 400–430 K due to meridional transport from the mid-latitudes and link with Davina. Moreover it compares the data prior and after the cyclone passage to discuss its actual impact on the atmospheric chemistry and thermodynamics
Shape of primary proton spectrum in multi-TeV region from data on vertical muon flux
It is shown, that primary proton spectrum, reconstructed from sea-level and
underground data on muon spectrum with the use of QGSJET 01, QGSJET II, NEXUS
3.97 and SIBYLL 2.1 interaction models, demonstrates not only model-dependent
intensity, but also model-dependent form. For correct reproduction of muon
spectrum shape primary proton flux should have non-constant power index for all
considered models, except SIBYLL 2.1, with break at energies around 10-15 TeV
and value of exponent before break close to that obtained in ATIC-2 experiment.
To validate presence of this break understanding of inclusive spectra behavior
in fragmentation region in p-air collisions should be improved, but we show,
that it is impossible to do on the basis of the existing experimental data on
primary nuclei, atmospheric muon and hadron fluxes.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.
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