Life and How to Live It

The reaction of Mn^III salen-type complexes with di- and tetraanionic α-Keggin-type polyoxometalates (POMs) was performed, and three types of Coulombic aggregations containing Mn^III out-of-plane dimeric units (abbreviated as [Mn₂]²⁺) that are potentially single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with an <i>S</i>_T = 4 ground state were synthesized: [Mn₂(5-MeOsaltmen)₂(acetone)₂]­[SW₁₂O₄₀] (<b>1</b>), [Mn₂(salen)₂(H₂O)₂]₂[SiW₁₂O₄₀] (<b>2</b>), and [Mn­(5-Brsaltmen)­(H₂O)­(acetone)]₂[{Mn₂(5-Brsaltmen)₂}­(SiW₁₂O₄₀)] (<b>3</b>), where 5-Rsaltmen^2– = <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-(1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene)­bis­(5-R-salicylideneiminate) with R = MeO (methoxy), Br (bromo) and salen^2– = <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>′-ethylenebis­(salicylideneiminate). Compound <b>1</b> with a dianionic POM, [SW₁₂O₄₀]^2–, is composed of a 1:1 aggregating set of [Mn₂]²⁺/POM, and <b>2</b>, with a tetraanionic POM, [SiW₁₂O₄₀]^4–, is a 2:1 set. Compound <b>3</b> with [SiW₁₂O₄₀]^4– forms a unique 1D coordinating chain with a [−{Mn₂}–POM−]^2– repeating unit, for which a hydrogen-bonded dimeric unit ([Mn­(5-Brsaltmen)­(H₂O)­(acetone)]₂²⁺) is present as a countercation. Independent of the formula ratio of [Mn₂]²⁺/POM, Mn^III dimers and POM units in <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> form respective segregated columns along a direction of the unit cell, which make an alternate packing to separate evenly identical species in a crystal. The nearest intermolecular Mn···Mn distance is found in the order <b>2</b> < <b>3</b> < <b>1</b>. The segregation of the [Mn₂]²⁺ dimer resulted in interdimer distances long enough to effectively reduce the intermolecular magnetic interaction, in particular in <b>1</b> and <b>3</b>. Consequently, an intrinsic property, SMM behavior, of Mn^III dimers has been characterized in this system, even though the interdimer interactions are still crucial in the case of <b>2</b>, where a long-range magnetic order competitively affects slow relaxation of the magnetization at low ac frequencies

Synthetic magnetic resonance imaging for primary prostate cancer evaluation:Diagnostic potential of a non-contrast-enhanced bi-parametric approach enhanced with relaxometry measurements

PURPOSE: Bi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI) with diffusion-weighted images has wide utility in diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). However, bpMRI yields more false-negatives for PI-RADS category 3 lesions than multiparametric (mp)MRI with dynamic-contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI. We investigated the utility of synthetic MRI with relaxometry maps for bpMRI-based diagnosis of csPCa. METHODS: One hundred and five treatment-naïve patients who underwent mpMRI and synthetic MRI before prostate biopsy for suspected PCa between August 2019 and December 2020 were prospectively included. Three experts and three basic prostate radiologists evaluated the diagnostic performance of conventional bpMRI and synthetic bpMRI for csPCa. PI-RADS version 2.1 category 3 lesions were identified by consensus, and relaxometry measurements (T1-value, T2-value, and proton density [PD]) were performed. The diagnostic performance of relaxometry measurements for PI-RADS category 3 lesions in peripheral zone was compared with that of DCE-MRI. Histopathological evaluation results were used as the reference standard. Statistical analysis was performed using the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and McNemar test. RESULTS: In 102 patients without significant MRI artefacts, the diagnostic performance of conventional bpMRI was not significantly different from that of synthetic bpMRI for all readers (p = 0.11–0.79). The AUCs of the combination of T1-value, T2-value, and PD (T1 + T2 + PD) for csPCa in peripheral zone for PI-RADS category 3 lesions were 0.85 for expert and 0.86 for basic radiologists, with no significant difference between T1 + T2 + PD and DCE-MRI for both expert and basic radiologists (p = 0.29–0.45). CONCLUSION: Synthetic MRI with relaxometry maps shows promise for contrast media-free evaluation of csPCa

Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis of copper nanocrystals without using additional protective agents

We report the synthesis of 2 nm copper nanocrystals (Cu NCs)via a microwave-assisted polyol method without using additional protective and reducing agents. The Cu NCs are oxidation resistant and exhibit photoluminescence and highly stableproperties in a colloidal dispersion

Diminished Medial Prefrontal Activity behind Autistic Social Judgments of Incongruent Information

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) tend to make inadequate social judgments, particularly when the nonverbal and verbal emotional expressions of other people are incongruent. Although previous behavioral studies have suggested that ASD individuals have difficulty in using nonverbal cues when presented with incongruent verbal-nonverbal information, the neural mechanisms underlying this symptom of ASD remain unclear. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we compared brain activity in 15 non-medicated adult males with high-functioning ASD to that of 17 age-, parental-background-, socioeconomic-, and intelligence-quotient-matched typically-developed (TD) male participants. Brain activity was measured while each participant made friend or foe judgments of realistic movies in which professional actors spoke with conflicting nonverbal facial expressions and voice prosody. We found that the ASD group made significantly less judgments primarily based on the nonverbal information than the TD group, and they exhibited significantly less brain activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex/ventral medial prefrontal cortex (ACC/vmPFC), and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) than the TD group. Among these five regions, the ACC/vmPFC and dmPFC were most involved in nonverbal-information-biased judgments in the TD group. Furthermore, the degree of decrease of the brain activity in these two brain regions predicted the severity of autistic communication deficits. The findings indicate that diminished activity in the ACC/vmPFC and dmPFC underlies the impaired abilities of individuals with ASD to use nonverbal content when making judgments regarding other people based on incongruent social information

An intrinsic vasopressin system in the olfactory bulb is involved in social recognition

Many peptides, when released as chemical messengers within the brain, have powerful influences on complex behaviours. Most strikingly, vasopressin and oxytocin, once thought of as circulating hormones whose actions were confined to peripheral organs, are now known to be released in the brain where they play fundamentally important roles in social behaviours1. In humans, disruptions of these peptide systems have been linked to several neurobehavioural disorders, including Prader-Willi syndrome, affective disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and polymorphisms of the vasopressin V1a receptor have been linked to autism2,3. Here we report that the rat olfactory bulb contains a large population of interneurones which express vasopressin, that blocking the actions of vasopressin in the olfactory bulb impairs the social recognition abilities of rats, and that vasopressin agonists and antagonists can modulate the processing of information by olfactory bulb neurones. The findings indicate that social information is processed in part by a vasopressin system intrinsic to the olfactory system

INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE MAKING OF POST-WAR WORLD ORDER, 1945-1953

博士（社会学）12613甲第952号129p一橋大