The evolution of construction waste sorting on-site

postprin

Two granitic plutions in middle Western Kunlun Belt: their ages and possible sources

对西昆仑中带２个重要岩体进行了年代学和同位素示踪方面的研究。单颗粒锆石U-Pb 测年结果表明，库地北岩体（４０４Ｍａ）形成于加里东末期的一次岩浆活动；而阿卡阿孜山岩体中二长花岗岩２１５ Ｍａ的年龄则表明原被整个划入海西期的岩体实际上至少包括一部分印支期的岩浆活动。Sｍ／Ｎｄ同位素数据表明这２个花岗岩的源区并不均一，有地壳物质的加入且不排除壳幔混合成因的可能性。published_or_final_versio

Phase transitions in rotating neutron stars: Effects of stellar crusts

As a rapidly rotating neutron star spins down due to the loss of its angular momentum, its central density increases and the nuclear matter in its core converts to quark matter, which leads to a drastic decrease of the stellar moment of inertia, and even results in an era of spin-up of the pulsar (Glendenning, Pei, & Weber 1997). We find that given a certain equation of state in the liquid core, even if the backbending of the moment of inertia as a function of the rotating frequency occurs, an increase of the total moment of inertia by only 1% could carry adequate angular momentum and stop the star spin-up. This small discrepancy in the total moment of inertia might be due to the different properties of subnuclear matter in the crust, especially to different transition density and pressure at the inner boundary of the solid crust between various models. The strong dependence of the phenomenon of back-bending on the physical state of the crust provides, in principle, a new observational approach to check and constrain theories on subnuclear matter.published_or_final_versio

原特提斯的消減極性:西昆侖128公里巖體的啟示

The Yirba (128 km) pluton is an early Paleozoic dioritic intrusion of western Kunlun orogenic belt, northwest China as an important element when reconstructing the evolution history of this belt. Due to the scarcity of field data and methodological difference in studying this pluton, however, no consensus for its age, source and tectonic setting has been adopted. In this paper, we present new geochronological and geochemical data for the Yirba pluton, aiming to better understand its age, source, and hence the early Paleozoic tectonic evolutionary history of western Kunlun. U-Pb data by single grain zircon analyses suggest that the Yirba pluton was emplaced 471 ± 5 Ma ago and contains ca. 490 Ma zircon grains inherited from source, or captured in the magma chamber. The pluton is enriched in Al 2 O 3 (15.7% ∼ 18.4%), Sr (470 ∼ 864 μg/g) and other LILEs (large ion lithosphile elements), but relatively depleted in HFSE (high field strength elements and HREE), with LREE-enriched patterns and low to medium europium anomalies (δEu = ∼ 0.7), showing typical characteristics of I-type, volcanic arc granitoids. Although its relatively high Al 2 O 3, Sr and low MgO contents make it resemble adakite, its relatively high Yb (1.92 ∼ 2.88 μg/g), Y (19.4 ∼ 34.0 μg/g) contents, low Sr/Y (24.2 ∼ 37.0) , Zr/Sm (7.3 ∼ 21) and relatively high initial Sr isotope ratios (0.7075 ∼ 0.7091) do not support a subducting slab origin. Its Nd model ages (1.06 ∼ 1.35 Ga) indicate a juvenile source, while its O isotope compositions (+5.7‰ ∼ + 7.4‰) and Sr-O isotope relationship preclude significant involvement of sialic materials. The major, trace, REE and Nd-Sr-O isotope compositions strongly suggest that the Yirba pluton was formed by partial melting of mafic lower crust in a southward growing, active continental margin environment. The existence of volcanic arc granitoids in the south margin of the North Kunlun terrane suggests that the subduction polarity of the Proto-Tethys was northward.128公里巖體是西昆侖造山帶中一個早古生代的花崗閃長巖體,長期以來一直是研究西昆侖構造演化的重要參考依據。然而由于區域地質資料的不足和研究手段的不同,對該巖體的形成年代、源區性質以及構造背景等方面還存在著不同的認識。本文試圖通過地質年代學和地球化學方面的研究,明確128公里巖體的成巖時代和構造背景,進而制約西昆侖的早古生代構造演化。單顆粒鋯石的U-Pb定年結果表明128公里巖體形成于471±5 Ma并含有可能形成于早期巖漿房或繼承自源區的490 Ma左右的鋯石。128公里巖體富Al_2O_3(15.7％～18.4％),Sr(470～864μg/g)和大離子親石元素但相對虧損 高場強元素,相對富集輕稀土且具有低到中等的負銪異常(δEu=～0.7),顯示出典型的Ⅰ型弧花崗巖特征。盡管其富集Al_2O_3、Sr、相對低的MgO含量和Y/Yb比值使其非常類似于埃達克巖,但其相對高的Yb(1.92～2.88μg/g)、Y(19.4～34.0μg/g)含量,低的Sr/Y(24.2～37.0)和Zr/Sm(7.3～21)比值以及相對高的初始Sr同位素組成(0.7075～0.7091)排除了消減板塊在石榴石穩定區發生部分熔融的可能性。低的氧同位素组成( + 5.7％～7.4％) 以及Sr-O 同位素关系表明该岩体并非形成于地慢来源的岩泉与变质围岩间的同化混染。高的稀土含量、明显的稀土分馏以及相对高的Sr 同位素组成表明12 8 公里岩体不大可能形成于受陆源物质影响较小的大洋岛弧, 而更可能形成于活动大陆边缘环境中基性地壳物质的部分熔融。北昆仑地体的南缘存在火山弧型花岗岩的事实表明, 原特提斯的消减方向应当是向北的。published_or_final_versio

Studies on Anti-Hepatoma Effect of Gan-Ai-Xiao Decoction

Purpose: To explore the anti-hepatoma effect of Gan-Ai-Xiao Decoction (GAXD), a folk remedy.Methods: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the major chemical components of GAXD ethanol extract (EE). The cytotoxic effect of GAXD EE against HepG2 cells was measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry and Western blot were used to study the effect of GAXD EE on apoptosis and apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3) in HepG2 cells. Xenograft assay was used to evaluate the anti-hepatoma effect of GAXD EE in vivo.Results: Four components were identified in GAXD EE by HPLC. The results of MTT and flow cytometry assays indicated that GAXD EE significantly reduced HepG2 cells viability (p < 0.05) and induced its apoptosis. The results of Western blot assay suggested that GAXD EE down-regulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and up-regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3) in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the results of xenograft assay showed that GAXD EE significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells-induced tumor (p < 0.05) without any effect on the body weight of nude mice.Conclusion: GAXD has anti-hepatoma activity, and the mechanism is associated with apoptosis.Keywords: Gan-Ai-Xiao Decoction, Anti-hepatoma, Flow Cytometry, Western Blot, Xenograft, HepG2 cells, Apoptosi

An avalanche-photodiode-based photon-number-resolving detector

Avalanche photodiodes are widely used as practical detectors of single photons.1 Although conventional devices respond to one or more photons, they cannot resolve the number in the incident pulse or short time interval. However, such photon number resolving detectors are urgently needed for applications in quantum computing,2-4 communications5 and interferometry,6 as well as for extending the applicability of quantum detection generally. Here we show that, contrary to current belief,3,4 avalanche photodiodes are capable of detecting photon number, using a technique to measure very weak avalanches at the early stage of their development. Under such conditions the output signal from the avalanche photodiode is proportional to the number of photons in the incident pulse. As a compact, mass-manufactured device, operating without cryogens and at telecom wavelengths, it offers a practical solution for photon number detection.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

A review of physical supply and EROI of fossil fuels in China

This paper reviews China’s future fossil fuel supply from the perspectives of physical output and net energy output. Comprehensive analyses of physical output of fossil fuels suggest that China’s total oil production will likely reach its peak, at about 230 Mt/year (or 9.6 EJ/year), in 2018; its total gas production will peak at around 350 Bcm/year (or 13.6 EJ/year) in 2040, while coal production will peak at about 4400 Mt/year (or 91.9 EJ/year) around 2020 or so. In terms of the forecast production of these fuels, there are significant differences among current studies. These differences can be mainly explained by different ultimately recoverable resources assumptions, the nature of the models used, and differences in the historical production data. Due to the future constraints on fossil fuels production, a large gap is projected to grow between domestic supply and demand, which will need to be met by increasing imports. Net energy analyses show that both coal and oil and gas production show a steady declining trend of EROI (energy return on investment) due to the depletion of shallow-buried coal resources and conventional oil and gas resources, which is generally consistent with the approaching peaks of physical production of fossil fuels. The peaks of fossil fuels production, coupled with the decline in EROI ratios, are likely to challenge the sustainable development of Chinese society unless new abundant energy resources with high EROI values can be found

Importance Sampling for Objetive Funtion Estimations in Neural Detector Traing Driven by Genetic Algorithms

To train Neural Networks (NNs) in a supervised way, estimations of an objective function must be carried out. The value of this function decreases as the training progresses and so, the number of test observations necessary for an accurate estimation has to be increased. Consequently, the training computational cost is unaffordable for very low objective function value estimations, and the use of Importance Sampling (IS) techniques becomes convenient. The study of three different objective functions is considered, which implies the proposal of estimators of the objective function using IS techniques: the Mean-Square error, the Cross Entropy error and the Misclassification error criteria. The values of these functions are estimated by IS techniques, and the results are used to train NNs by the application of Genetic Algorithms. Results for a binary detection in Gaussian noise are provided. These results show the evolution of the parameters during the training and the performances of the proposed detectors in terms of error probability and Receiver Operating Characteristics curves. At the end of the study, the obtained results justify the convenience of using IS in the training

Unique Carboniferous-Permian tectonic-metallogenic framework of Northern Xinjiang (NW China): Constraints for the tectonics of the southern Paleoasian Domain

The late Paleozoic tectonic-metallogenic framework of North Xinjiang of the southern Paleoasian Domain was characterized by a serious of Carboniferous-Permian events, including: (1) late Carboniferous-Permian Chinese Altay island arc and its metamorphism, granulite in the Chinese Altay, radiolarian chert and high-pressure/ultra-high-pressure metamorphism; (2) late Carboniferous-early Permian adakites, Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complexes, and calc-alkaline magmatism, together with porphyry copper deposits, which occurred in the North Xinjiang; and (3) late Carboniferous ophiolite and island arc volcanic rocks located in the Tian Shan. Combined with the facts that there was no typical foreland basin, no typical collisional-type granitoid, and there were large amount of strike-slip faulting, it is suggested that in the Carboniferous-early Permian North Xinjiang was characterized by the coexistence of compression-extension-strike-slip structures with active magmatism and metallogeny. These phenomena all indicate that there were active margins during the late Carboniferous-early Permian, leading to the notion that the complicated accretionary orogeny along the southern Paleoasian Domain may have lasted to the latest Carboniferous-Permian.新疆北部晚古生代独特的构造一成矿作用以发育大量石炭纪一二叠纪构造一成矿事件为特征, 其中包括: (l) 发育于晚石炭世一二叠世的阿尔泰岛弧及其变质事件、阿尔泰麻粒岩与基性杂岩、西南天山放射虫硅质岩和高压一超高压一低压麻拉岩相变质事件; (2 )北疆发育的石炭纪(一二叠世)埃达克岩一高镁安山岩一富N d 玄武质岩组合、阿拉斯加型基性一超基性杂岩和大量的与俯冲相关的钙碱性岩浆活动与斑岩型铜矿床成矿作用; (3) 天山晚石炭世晚期蛇绿岩与岛弧火山岩等。结合北疆地区相关的前陆盆地发育不明显、碰撞型花岗岩欠发育与大量发育平行造山带大型走滑构造等现象, 可以认为新疆北部在石炭纪一二叠纪挤压一伸展一走滑并存, 岩浆活动与成矿作用活跃。这些新进展表明新疆北部在晚石炭世一二叠纪可能仍存在活动陆缘, 因此, 古亚洲洋构造域南部复杂增生造山作用最后延至晚石炭世晚期一二叠纪。published_or_final_versio