A protective role of gamma/delta T cells in primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice.

We have previously reported that T cells bearing T cell receptors (TCRs) of gamma/delta type appear at a relatively early stage of primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice. To characterize the early-appearing gamma/delta T cells during listeriosis, we analyzed the specificity and cytokine production of the gamma/delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with a sublethal dose of L. monocytogenes. The early-appearing gamma/delta T cells, most of which were of CD4-CD8- phenotype, proliferated and secreted IFN-gamma and macrophage chemotactic factor in response to purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, or recombinant 65-kD heat-shock protein derived from M. bovis but not to heat-killed Listeria. To further elucidate the potential role of the gamma/delta T cells in the host-defense mechanism against primary infection with Listeria, we examined the effects of in vivo administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against TCR-gamma/delta or TCR-alpha/beta on the bacterial eradication in mice infected with Listeria. Most of alpha/beta T cells or gamma/delta T cells were depleted in the peripheral lymphoid organs at least for 12 d after an intraperitoneal injection of 200 micrograms TCR-alpha/beta mAb or 200 micrograms TCR-gamma/delta mAb, respectively. An exaggerated bacterial multiplication was evident at the early stage of listerial infection in the gamma/delta T cells-depleted mice, whereas the alpha/beta T cell-depleted mice exhibited much the same resistance level as the control mice at this stage although the resistance was severely impaired at the late stage after listerial infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS

新出「福の神付き赤犬棒かるた」の影印と紹介

「いろはかるた」研究の一環として、今回は「福の神」札が付いている比較的古い「江戸いろはかるた」を紹介する。「福の神」付きかるたとしては、これまで滴翠美術館所蔵のかるたしか報告されていなかった。同版ではないものの、今回紹介するかるたによって、滴翠美術館所蔵の欠札を補うことができるので、ようやく揃いとして研究材料が提供されたことになる。研究資

Difficulty in learning chirality for Transformer fed with SMILES

Recent years have seen development of descriptor generation based on representation learning of extremely diverse molecules, especially those that apply natural language processing (NLP) models to SMILES, a literal representation of molecular structure. However, little research has been done on how these models understand chemical structure. To address this, we investigated the relationship between the learning progress of SMILES and chemical structure using a representative NLP model, the Transformer. The results suggest that while the Transformer learns partial structures of molecules quickly, it requires extended training to understand overall structures. Consistently, the accuracy of molecular property predictions using descriptors generated from models at different learning steps was similar from the beginning to the end of training. Furthermore, we found that the Transformer requires particularly long training to learn chirality and sometimes stagnates with low translation accuracy due to misunderstanding of enantiomers. These findings are expected to deepen understanding of NLP models in chemistry.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure

On certain classes of analytic functions in the unit disk*

In this note we shall consider the problem of finding the radius of convexity in some univalent region for functions f(z)=z+a2z2+‥‥which are analytic and satisfy Re {f\u27(z)/(λf\u27(z)+(1-λ)φ\u27(z))}>β forz<1, 0≦β<1, 0≦λ<1 where φ(z)=z+b2z2+‥‥ is analytic, univalent and convex of order α, 0≦α<1. Finally a distortion theorem for f(z) is shown

The radius of starlikeness for some analytic functions

Let F(z) be reqular in lzl<1 and F(0)=0, F\u27 (0)=1.Let f(z)=1/(c+1)z^1-c{zcF(z)}\u27 and c be a real and non-negative constant. we have determined the radius of starlikeness of order β for f(z) when F(z) is starlike of order α,0≦β,α<1

Nickel catalyzed one pot synthesis of biaryls under air at room temperature

A practical, room temperature catalytic system has been developed for the synthesis of biaryls in one step from the homocoupling of in situ generated Grignard reagents using the nickel(II) complex. Molecular oxygen used as an oxidant makes the system environment friendly. The reaction system is compatible with diverse functionality to afford biaryls in appreciable yields

A Study on "Akatsuki" in Hyakunin-Isshu

『百人一首』に「暁」は一例（三〇番）しか詠まれていないが、勅撰集の詞書に戻すともう二例（三六・七一番）が浮上する。さらに「あさぼらけ」（三一・五二・六四番）・「よもすがら」（八五番）も対象となる。その他、「嘆きつつ」（五三番）・「やすらはで」（五九番）を含めて、「暁の時間帯」が内包している様々な問題点を分析してみた。その結果、暁の始まりは日付変更時点であることから、男女の「後朝の別れ」の時間帯と重なること、暁の前半は真っ暗だが、後半（あさぼらけ）は次第に明るくなっていること、だからといって「明く」を安易に夜が明けると解するのは危険であることを論じてみた。また暁の到来は視覚ではなく聴覚で察知したこと、視覚としては「有明の月」が象徴的に描かれていることも指摘した。百人一首はもちろんのこと、「暁の時間帯」の重要性はもっときちんと認識・把握されるべきである