277 research outputs found
A Synergistic Antiobesity Effect by a Combination of Capsinoids and Cold Temperature Through Promoting Beige Adipocyte Biogenesis.
Beige adipocytes emerge postnatally within the white adipose tissue in response to certain environmental cues, such as chronic cold exposure. Because of its highly recruitable nature and relevance to adult humans, beige adipocytes have gained much attention as an attractive cellular target for antiobesity therapy. However, molecular circuits that preferentially promote beige adipocyte biogenesis remain poorly understood. We report that a combination of mild cold exposure at 17°C and capsinoids, a nonpungent analog of capsaicin, synergistically and preferentially promotes beige adipocyte biogenesis and ameliorates diet-induced obesity. Gain- and loss-of-function studies show that the combination of capsinoids and cold exposure synergistically promotes beige adipocyte development through the ÎČ2-adrenoceptor signaling pathway. This synergistic effect on beige adipocyte biogenesis occurs through an increased half-life of PRDM16, a dominant transcriptional regulator of brown/beige adipocyte development. We document a previously unappreciated molecular circuit that controls beige adipocyte biogenesis and suggest a plausible approach to increase whole-body energy expenditure by combining dietary components and environmental cues
Randomizing the trapezoidal rule gives the optimal RMSE rate in Gaussian Sobolev spaces
Randomized quadratures for integrating functions in Sobolev spaces of order
, where the integrability condition is with respect to the
Gaussian measure, are considered. In this function space, the optimal rate for
the worst-case root-mean-squared error (RMSE) is established. Here, optimality
is for a general class of quadratures, in which adaptive non-linear algorithms
with a possibly varying number of function evaluations are also allowed. The
optimal rate is given by showing matching bounds. First, a lower bound on the
worst-case RMSE of is proven, where denotes an upper
bound on the expected number of function evaluations. It turns out that a
suitably randomized trapezoidal rule attains this rate, up to a logarithmic
factor. A practical error estimator for this trapezoidal rule is also
presented. Numerical results support our theory.Comment: revision, 21 page
Confluence of Orthogonal Nominal Rewriting Systems Revisited
Nominal rewriting systems (Fernandez, Gabbay, Mackie, 2004;
Fernandez, Gabbay, 2007) have been introduced as a new framework
of higher-order rewriting systems based on the nominal approach
(Gabbay, Pitts, 2002; Pitts, 2003), which deals with variable
binding via permutations and freshness conditions on atoms.
Confluence of orthogonal nominal rewriting systems has been shown in
(Fernandez, Gabbay, 2007). However, their definition of
(non-trivial) critical pairs has a serious weakness so that the
orthogonality does not actually hold for most of standard nominal
rewriting systems in the presence of binders. To overcome this
weakness, we divide the notion of overlaps into the self-rooted and
proper ones, and introduce a notion of alpha-stability which
guarantees alpha-equivalence of peaks from the self-rooted
overlaps. Moreover, we give a sufficient criterion for uniformity and alpha-stability. The new definition of orthogonality and the
criterion offer a novel confluence condition effectively applicable to many standard nominal rewriting systems. We also report on an
implementation of a confluence prover for orthogonal nominal rewriting systems based on our framework
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Preliminary study of discrimination of human vocal commands in walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)
Walruses seem to use various acoustic signals in social context. So, the auditory faculty is seems to be important for walruses. Can walruses understand another animals' vocal information using auditory sense? This study tested whether a male walrus could discriminate human vocal words and perform different actions corresponding to each one under various conditions. The subject, a male walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) named Pou, was set on the ground, and the experimenter spoke one of the ten words to the subject under the following conditions; (1) The experimenter stood close to the subject and spoke each vocal stimulus wearing a black cloak and goggles so that the experimenter's eye and body movements would not influence the subject's behavior, (2) A wooden board was placed between the experimenter and the subject so that the subject could not see the experimenter, (3) A wooden board was placed between the experimenter and the subject so that the subject could not to see the experimenter, and the experimenter uttered each vocal stimulus through an audio speaker. Under each condition, when the subject performed the correct action corresponding to the vocal stimulus, he was rewarded with a piece of fish. As a result, the subject responded correctly to almost all the human vocal stimuli in every condition, including when the speaker was not visible. This means that he was indeed responding to the vocal words and not the experimenter's cues. This study demonstrated that walruses can hear and identify human vocal words using their auditory sense and can form correspondence between vocal words and their meanings
P-20. Hypermethylation of cytosine in the upstream region of estrogen receptor α gene expressed in reproductive organs in herbivorous Syrian hamster(Abstracts of the International Symposium on Recent Advances in Animal Science(IS-RAAS),Joint meeting of 2^<nd> IS-AS and 3^<rd> IS-IFS)
Suboptimality of GaussâHermite quadrature and optimality of the trapezoidal rule for functions with finite smoothness
The suboptimality of GaussâHermite quadrature and the optimality of the trapezoidal rule are proved in the weighted Sobolev spaces of square integrable functions of order α, where the optimality is in the sense of worst-case error. For GaussâHermite quadrature, we obtain matching lower and upper bounds, which turn out to be merely of the order nâα/2 with n function evaluations, although the optimal rate for the best possible linear quadrature is known to be nâα. Our proof of the lower bound exploits the structure of the GaussâHermite nodes; the bound is independent of the quadrature weights, and changing the GaussâHermite weights cannot improve the rate nâα/2. In contrast, we show that a suitably truncated trapezoidal rule achieves the optimal rate up to a logarithmic factor
Isolation and immunocharacterization of lactobacillus salivarius from the intestine of wakame-fed pigs to develop novel "Immunosynbiotics"
Emerging threats of antimicrobial resistance necessitate the exploration of effective alternatives for healthy livestock growth strategies. ?Immunosynbiotics?, a combination of immunoregulatory probiotics and prebiotics with synergistic effects when used together in feed, would be one of the most promising candidates. Lactobacilli are normal residents of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, and many of them are able to exert beneficial immunoregulatory properties. On the other hand, wakame (Undaria pinnafida), an edible seaweed, has the potential to be used as an immunoregulatory prebiotic when added to livestock feed. Therefore, in order to develop a novel immunosynbiotic, we isolated and characterized immunoregulatory lactobacilli with the ability to utilize wakame. Following a month-long in vivo wakame feeding trial in 8-week-old Landrace pigs (n = 6), sections of intestinal mucous membrane were processed for bacteriological culture and followed by identification of pure colonies by 16S rRNA sequence. Each isolate was characterized in vitro in terms of their ability to assimilate to the wakame and to differentially modulate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon beta (IFN-ÎČ) in the porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells triggered by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and TLR-3 activation, respectively. We demonstrated that feeding wakame to pigs significantly increased the lactobacilli population in the small intestine. We established a wakame-component adjusted culture media that allowed the isolation and characterization of a total of 128 Lactobacilli salivarius colonies from the gut of wakame-fed pigs. Interestingly, several L. salivarius isolates showed both high wakame assimilation ability and immunomodulatory capacities. Among the wakame assimilating isolates, L. salivarius FFIG71 showed a significantly higher capacity to upregulate the IL-6 expression, and L. salivarius FFIG131 showed significantly higher capacity to upregulate the IFN-ÎČ expression; these could be used as immunobiotic strains in combination with wakame for the development of novel immunologically active feeds for pigs.Fil: Masumizu, Yuki. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Zhou, Binghui. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Humayun Kober, AKM. Tohoku University; JapĂłn. Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University; BangladeshFil: Islam, M. Aminul. Agricultural University; Bangladesh. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Iida, Hikaru. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Ikeda-Ohtsubo, Wakako. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Suda, Yoshihito. Department Of Food Agriculture, Miyagi University; JapĂłnFil: AlbarracĂn, Leonardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - TucumĂĄn. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina. Tohoku University; JapĂłn. Universidad Nacional de TucumĂĄn; ArgentinaFil: Nochi, Tomonori. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Aso, Hisashi. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Suzuki, Keiichi. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Villena, Julio Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Centro CientĂfico TecnolĂłgico Conicet - TucumĂĄn. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina. Tohoku University; JapĂłnFil: Kitazawa, Haruki. Tohoku University; JapĂł
Regional characteristics of diurnal variation of localized heavy rainfall frequency in Tokyo and its surroundings
The present study aimed to clarify the regional characteristics of the diurnal variation of localized heavy rainfall frequency in the Tokyo metropolitan area and Saitama Prefecture based on the dense hourly rainfall data acquired from 290 stations across summers of 15 years between 1994â2010 (June to September). The obtained results can be summarized as follows. The central to western parts of Saitama Prefecture (Cluster 2) displayed a single peak with a large maximum from the evening till the early night hours. In comparison, the western and southern parts of the Tama region (Cluster 4) and the western Tokyo area (Cluster 5) indicated a bimodal pattern with two peaks during the day and night. Moreover, central Tokyo, the northern Tama region, and southeastern Saitama Prefecture (Cluster 3) are located between these areas and can be considered a transition zone between the single-peak and bimodal areas. Despite the moderate increase in the frequency of heavy rainfall from evening to night in the eastern part of the Tokyo metropolitan area as well as the Saitama Prefecture (Cluster 1), it did not exhibit a clear maximum
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