DETERMINATION OF EXTRACTION TEMPERATURE AND PERIOD OF FISH OIL FROM TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) BY PRODUCT USING WET RENDERING METHOD

Tilapia is a farmed commodity of freshwater fish that can be processed into refined products, e.g. the tilapia fillets. The arising problem in the utilization of tilapia into processed products is its residual waste. The purpose of study is to obtain fish oil from tilapia by-products by wet rendering extraction; to characterize fish oil; to determine the optimum temperature and period of wet rendering extraction; and to determine the fatty acid composition of fish oil. Extraction temperatures were varied i.e. 25, 50, 70, and 90 °C. Extraction periods observed were 15, 25, 35, and 45 min. Quality parameters to evaluate the performance of fish oil were free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide, p-anisidine, total oxidation, and fatty acid composition analysis. The optimum temperature and period of wet rendering extraction were 70 °C for 35 minutes, with the highest yield of 6.44%. Fish oil yield which was obtained using Bligh and Dyer method was 8.12%. Fish oil extracted from wet rendering method contained 1.15% of EPA and 1.03% of DHA. Keywords: by-product of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), extraction, fish oil, temperature, time

New collections of p-subgroups and homology decompositions for classifying spaces of finite groups

Let G be a finite group and p a prime dividing its order. We define new collections of p-subgroups of G. We study the homotopy relations among them and with the standard collections of p-subgroups. We determine their ampleness and sharpness properties.Comment: 14 pages, some revisions made, final version to appear in Communications in Algebr

New distance regular graphs arising from dimensional dual hyperovals

In [4] we have studied the semibiplanes Sigma (e)(m,h) = Af(S-m,h(e)) obtained as affine expansions of the d-dimensional dual hyperovals of Yoshiara [6]. We continue that investigation here, but from a graph theoretic point of view. Denoting by re the incidence graph of (the point-block system of) Sigma (e)(m,h), we prove that Gamma (e)(m,h) is distance regular if and only if either m + h = e or (m + h, e) = 1. In the latter case, Gamma (e)(m,h) has the same array as the coset graph K-h(e) of the extended binary Kasami code K(2(e), 2(h)) but, as we prove in this paper, we have Gamma (e)(m,h) similar or equal to K-h(e) if and only if m = h. Finally, by exploiting some information obtained on Gamma (e)(m,h), we prove that if e less than or equal to 13 and m not equal h with (m + h, e) = 1, then Sigma (e)(m,h) is simply connected. (C) 2001 Academic Press

On a new family of flag-transitive semibiplanes

Each of the d-dimensional dual hyperovals S(m)(h) discovered by Yoshiara [20] gives rise, via affine expansion, to a flag-transitive semibiplane Af (S(m)(h)). We prove that, if m + h = d + 1, then Af (S(m)(h)) is an elation semibiplane. In the other cases, if d > 2 then Af (S(m)(h)) is not isomorphic to any of the examples we are aware of, except possibly for certain semibiplanes obtained from D(n)-buildings defined over G F(2). However, many semibiplanes live hidden as quotients inside halved hypercubes. It is thus quite natural to ask whether any of our semibiplanes are like that. We prove that Af (S(m)(h)) is a quotient of a halved hypercube if and only if h = m. (C) 2001 Academic Press

Generalized towers of flag-transitive circular extensions of non-classical C3-geometries

AbstractThe classification of generalized towers of flag-transitive circular extensions of the sporadic A7-geometry is completed by characterizing two flat geometries on 16 points, constructed in terms of the Steiner system S(24, 8, 5), as the flag-transitive circular extensions of the duals of the sporadic A7-geometry and the Neumaier geometry for A8, and then by showing the non-existence of flag-transitive circular extensions of these geometries

On quadratic APN functions and dimensional dual hyperovals

In this paper we characterize the d-dimensional dual hyperovals in PG(2d + 1, 2) that can be obtained by Yoshiara's construction (Innov Incid Geom 8:147-169, 2008) from quadratic APN functions and state a one-to-one correspondence between the extended affine equivalence classes of quadratic APN functions and the isomorphism classes of these dual hyperovals

Determination Of Extraction Temperature And Period Of Fish Oil From Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) By Product Using Wet Rendering Method

Tilapia is a farmed commodity of freshwater fish that can be processed into refined products, e.g. the tilapia fillets. The arising problem in the utilization of tilapia into processed products is its residual waste. The purpose of study is to obtain fish oil from tilapia by-products by wet rendering extraction; to characterize fish oil; to determine the optimum temperature and period of wet rendering extraction; and to determine the fatty acid composition of fish oil. Extraction temperatures were varied i.e. 25, 50, 70, and 90 °C. Extraction periods observed were 15, 25, 35, and 45 min. Quality parameters to evaluate the performance of fish oil were free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide, p-anisidine, total oxidation, and fatty acid composition analysis. The optimum temperature and period of wet rendering extraction were 70 °C for 35 minutes, with the highest yield of 6.44%. Fish oil yield which was obtained using Bligh and Dyer method was 8.12%. Fish oil extracted from wet rendering method contained 1.15% of EPA and 1.03% of DHA