Genome shotgun sequencing and development of microsatellite markers for gerbera (Gerbera hybrida H.) by 454 GS-FLX

The objective of this research was to develop and characterize microsatellite markers for gerbera. We used shotgun sequencing with Roche 454 GS-FLX Titanium technology to identify microsatellite loci in gerbera genomic DNA (Gerbera hybrida). The total length of non-redundant sequences obtained was 22,527,019 bp, which consisted of 3,085 contigs and 28,249 singletons. We assembled 61,958 reads into 3,085 contigs, of which 114 (3.70%) contained microsatellite repeats. The average G+C content was 39.3%. Functional annotation to known sequences yielded 14.7% unigenes in the ‘Raon’ cultivar. Analysis of the gerbera genome DNA (‘Raon’) general library showed that sequences of (AT), (AG), (AAG) and (AAT) repeats appeared most often, whereas (AC), (AAC) and (ACC) were the least frequent. Primer pairs were designed for 80 loci. Only eight primer pairs produced reproducible polymorphic bands in the 28 gerbera accessions analyzed. A total of 30 alleles were identified from the eight polymorphic SSR loci, with two to eight alleles per locus (average level of 3.75). These markers will be useful for investigating genetic diversity and differentiation in gerbera. Keywords: Genetic diversity, genomics, microsatellite isolation, pyrosequencing, SSRs. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 11(29), pp. 7388-7396, 10 April, 201

Exploration and Collection of Wild Vicia Species in Nagano and Niigata Prefectures, Japan 17th-19th October 1999

From 17th-19th October 1999 an international group visited Nagano and Niigata prefectures to explore and collect Japanese Vicia (Fig. 1). A total of six species including two varieties of Vicia venosa were collected around Matsumoto city and Mount Hakuba. Many native Japanese Vicia species are readily found in Nagano in a wide variety of habitats : forest under storey, forest margin and grassy banks. The altitude at which the populations were growing varied from 650m to 1285m. The native Japanese Vicia are of evolutionary interest. The Japanese native Vicia species have been little studied for their economic value thus further attention to these native Japanese wild legumes is warranted.1999年10月17日から10月19日にかけて, 長野県および新潟県でのソラマメ近縁野生種の探索を行った. その結果, 松本市周辺および白馬山において Vicia venosa 2変種を含めたソラマメ属計6種を収集することができた. それらは標高650mから1285mまで分布し, 森の中, 森の周辺, 傾斜地といった様々な場所で確認することができた. これらの素材は栽培種が所属する亜属とは異なる亜属に所属するが, 日本固有種として重要と考えられ, ソラマメ属進化の研究にも大きく貢献するものと期待される

Determination of Malignant and Invasive Predictors in Branch Duct Type Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: A Suggested Scoring Formula

Prediction of malignancy or invasiveness of branch duct type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (Br-IPMN) is difficult, and proper treatment strategy has not been well established. The authors investigated the characteristics of Br-IPMN and explored its malignancy or invasiveness predicting factors to suggest a scoring formula for predicting pathologic results. From 1994 to 2008, 237 patients who were diagnosed as Br-IPMN at 11 tertiary referral centers in Korea were retrospectively reviewed. The patients' mean age was 63.1 ± 9.2 yr. One hundred ninty-eight (83.5%) patients had nonmalignant IPMN (81 adenoma, 117 borderline atypia), and 39 (16.5%) had malignant IPMN (13 carcinoma in situ, 26 invasive carcinoma). Cyst size and mural nodule were malignancy determining factors by multivariate analysis. Elevated CEA, cyst size and mural nodule were factors determining invasiveness by multivariate analysis. Using the regression coefficient for significant predictors on multivariate analysis, we constructed a malignancy-predicting scoring formula: 22.4 (mural nodule [0 or 1]) + 0.5 (cyst size [mm]). In invasive IPMN, the formula was expressed as invasiveness-predicting score = 36.6 (mural nodule [0 or 1]) + 32.2 (elevated serum CEA [0 or 1]) + 0.6 (cyst size [mm]). Here we present a scoring formula for prediction of malignancy or invasiveness of Br-IPMN which can be used to determine a proper treatment strategy

High-throughput genotyping with the GoldenGate assay in the complex genome of soybean

Large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers are now available for a number of crop species. However, the high-throughput methods for multiplexing SNP assays are untested in complex genomes, such as soybean, that have a high proportion of paralogous genes. The Illumina GoldenGate assay is capable of multiplexing from 96 to 1,536 SNPs in a single reaction over a 3-day period. We tested the GoldenGate assay in soybean to determine the success rate of converting verified SNPs into working assays. A custom 384-SNP GoldenGate assay was designed using SNPs that had been discovered through the resequencing of five diverse accessions that are the parents of three recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations. The 384 SNPs that were selected for this custom assay were predicted to segregate in one or more of the RIL mapping populations. Allelic data were successfully generated for 89% of the SNP loci (342 of the 384) when it was used in the three RIL mapping populations, indicating that the complex nature of the soybean genome had little impact on conversion of the discovered SNPs into usable assays. In addition, 80% of the 342 mapped SNPs had a minor allele frequency \u3e10% when this assay was used on a diverse sample of Asian landrace germplasm accessions

Phosphorescence Color Tuning of Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes by <i>o</i>‑Carborane Substitution

Heteroleptic (<i>C</i>^∧<i>N</i>)₂Ir­(acac) (<i>C</i>^∧<i>N</i> = 4-<i>CBppy</i> (<b>1</b>); 5-<i>CBppy</i> (<b>2</b>), 4-<i>fppy</i> (<b>4</b>) <i>CB</i> = <i>ortho</i>-methylcarborane; <i>ppy</i> = 2-phenylpyridinato-C²,N, 4-<i>fppy =</i> 2-(4-fluorophenyl)­pyridinato-C²,N, acac = acetylacetonate) complexes were prepared and characterized. While <b>1</b> exhibits a phosphorescence band centered at 531 nm, which is red-shifted compared to that of unsubstituted (<i>ppy</i>)₂Ir­(acac) (<b>3</b>) (λ_em = 516 nm), the emission spectrum of <b>2</b> shows a blue-shifted band at 503 nm. Comparison with the emission band for the 4-fluoro-substituted <b>4</b> (λ_em = 493 nm) indicates a substantial bathochromic shift in <b>1</b>. Electrochemical and theoretical studies suggest that while carborane substitution on the 4-position of the phenyl ring lowers the ³MLCT energy by a large contribution to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) delocalization, which in turn assigns the lowest triplet state of <b>1</b> as [d_π(Ir)→π*­(<i>C</i>^∧<i>N</i>)] ³MLCT in character, the substitution on the 5-position raises the ³MLCT energy by the effective stabilization of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level because of the strong inductive effect of carborane. An electroluminescent device incorporating <b>1</b> as an emitter displayed overall good performance in terms of external quantum efficiency (6.6%) and power efficiency (10.7 lm/W) with green phosphorescence

Phosphorescence Color Tuning of Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes by <i>o</i>‑Carborane Substitution

Heteroleptic (<i>C</i>^∧<i>N</i>)₂Ir­(acac) (<i>C</i>^∧<i>N</i> = 4-<i>CBppy</i> (<b>1</b>); 5-<i>CBppy</i> (<b>2</b>), 4-<i>fppy</i> (<b>4</b>) <i>CB</i> = <i>ortho</i>-methylcarborane; <i>ppy</i> = 2-phenylpyridinato-C²,N, 4-<i>fppy =</i> 2-(4-fluorophenyl)­pyridinato-C²,N, acac = acetylacetonate) complexes were prepared and characterized. While <b>1</b> exhibits a phosphorescence band centered at 531 nm, which is red-shifted compared to that of unsubstituted (<i>ppy</i>)₂Ir­(acac) (<b>3</b>) (λ_em = 516 nm), the emission spectrum of <b>2</b> shows a blue-shifted band at 503 nm. Comparison with the emission band for the 4-fluoro-substituted <b>4</b> (λ_em = 493 nm) indicates a substantial bathochromic shift in <b>1</b>. Electrochemical and theoretical studies suggest that while carborane substitution on the 4-position of the phenyl ring lowers the ³MLCT energy by a large contribution to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) delocalization, which in turn assigns the lowest triplet state of <b>1</b> as [d_π(Ir)→π*­(<i>C</i>^∧<i>N</i>)] ³MLCT in character, the substitution on the 5-position raises the ³MLCT energy by the effective stabilization of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level because of the strong inductive effect of carborane. An electroluminescent device incorporating <b>1</b> as an emitter displayed overall good performance in terms of external quantum efficiency (6.6%) and power efficiency (10.7 lm/W) with green phosphorescence

Synen på ämnet religionskunskap hos några elever, lärare och deras skolledare i de tidigare åren

Min undersökning handlar om hur några elever, lärare samt skolledare ser på ämnet religionskunskap i de tidigare åren. Det jag vill ta reda på i den här uppsatsen är vad orsakerna kan vara till att detta ämne verkar ges litet utrymme i undervisningen. Jag vill också se om det möjligtvis har skett någon förändring i synen på religionskunskapsämnet hos de jag har intervjuat, där jag gör jämförelser i viss mån utifrån tidigare forskning som har haft sin utgångspunkt från Lgr80. Jag har använt mig av kvalitativa intervjuer med några elever, lärare och deras skolledare för att försöka få fram hur de ser på ämnet religionskunskap. Jag har i avsnittet diskussion och slutsatser funderingar kring skolledarens inställning och hennes betydelse för ämnet i undervisningen i skolan. Hon menar, liksom en av lärarna att ordet religionskunskap leder tankarna till kristendomskunskap som man hade i tidigare läroplan (1962). Resultatet från intervjuerna pekar också på de svårigheter kring ämnet som kan uppstå, som att lärare kanske undviker att ta upp svåra saker till diskussion med sina elever. Detta kan vara några möjliga orsaker till den osäkra inställningen till religionskunskapen man verkar ha i skolan, bland både elever och personal. Nyckelord: religionskunskap, religionskunskapsundervisning, värdegrundsfrågor, tidigare åldrar och läroplaner