地域活動への参加は住民の主観的幸福度を向上させるか? --我が国における因果性と外部性を考慮した定量分析--

In recent years, interest in community activities has been growing. Although the relationship between community activity participation and subjective well-being has been pointed out, does community participation really increase one’s subjective well-being? To tackle this question, this study examines the causal relationship between them, using data from a nationwide online questionnaire survey. To verify the causal relationship, the instrumental variable method is used, exploiting the frequency of one’s parents’ and/or grandparents’ participation in community activities in his/her childhood. The results obtained from several regressions show that participation does increase subjective well-being, and it would also increase the well-being of non-participants through improvements to the local living environment and the propagation of the sense of well-being. These results support the significance of policy initiatives to community activities and indicate that such policies could be evaluated in terms of well-being.近年、地域活動に対する関心が高まってきている。地域活動への参加と個人の主観的幸福度との間には深いつながりがあることがこれまでにも指摘されてきたが、地域活動への参加は本当に主観的幸福度の向上につながるのだろうか？本稿では、全国的なインターネット調査から、地域活動への参加と主観的幸福度との関係を検証した。分析にあたっては、逆の因果関係などによって生じる内生性の問題に対処するため、回答者の子供の頃の両親・祖父母の地域活動への参加を操作変数として用いた推定を行った。結果、地域活動への参加することが個人の主観的幸福度を高めていること、また、地域の生活環境の改善や幸福感の伝播といった経路を通じて活動に参加していない人の幸福感を高める可能性があることが分かった。以上の結果は地域活動への政策的取組みの意義をサポートするものであり、地域活動の価値を幸福度という側面からも評価できる可能性があることを示している

Current status of germline stem cells in adult mammalian ovary

The evolutionary and biological mechanisms underlying female reproductive aging have long been a matter of interest. Reproductive biologists have tackled with the relatively limited fertile period in female lifespan compared to male fertility that continues until the late ages. For more than five decades, it has been believed that females are born with a fixed number of germ cells that constitute ovarian follicle reserve and depletion of this reserve causes menopause. However, researchers recently reported findings that support the presence of oogenesis in postnatal mammalian ovaries, which caused a paradigm shift in our current knowledge of reproductive biology. In this minireview, we provide a brief history of one of the central dogmas in reproductive biology and subsequently present recent studies on the existence of germline stem cells in the mammalian ovary.Dişi üreme sistemi yaşlanmasının altında yatan evrimsel ve biyolojik mekanizmalar uzun süredir ilgi çeken bir konu olmuştur. Üreme biyolojisi konusunda çalışan biyologlar, erkeklerde ileri yaşlara kadar devam eden fertilite ile karşılaştırıldığında dişi yaşamında görece olarak sınırlı bir dönemde görülen fertilite konusunu aydınlığa kavuşturmaya çalışmaktadırlar. 50 yılı aşkın bir süredir dişilerin ovaryan folikül rezervini oluşturan sabit sayıda germ hücresi ile dünyaya geldiklerine inanılmaktadır. Ancak, son dönemde araştırıcılar memeli ovaryumlarında doğum sonrası oogenez varlığını destekleyen ve üreme biyolojisi ile ilgili günümüz bilgilerimizde değişime yol açan bulgular elde etmişlerdir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, üreme biyolojisindeki santral dogmalardan bir tanesi ile ilgili kısa bir tarihsel bilgi verilmiş ve memeli ovaryumlarında germ hattı kök hücrelerinin varlığı ile ilgili son dönem çalışmaları sunulmuştur

Legal Protection for Female workers in Indonesia (Study on the Rights of Female Workers in Tolitoli)

The lack of guarantees for female workers' rights remains a significant issue in Tolitoli Regency, encompassing concerns such as equal pay, decent work, maternity leave, childbirth and breastfeeding rights, social security, and protection against discrimination. This study, using a socio-legal approach with both qualitative and quantitative methods, finds that labor laws protecting female workers have not been fully implemented. Specifically, 90.2% of companies fail to provide maternity leave, and many others do not adhere to all relevant labor regulations. Key obstacles include limited awareness of rights, weak legal enforcement, and gender discrimination, along with a lack of employer responsibility. The study suggests that the Manpower Law can help create a more conducive environment for the protection of female workers' rights

PERLINDUNGAN HAK PATEN (Studi Komparatif Lingkup Perlindungan di Berbagai Negara)

AbstractThe differences of the legal system that patent scope protection in various countries, not only importing for new investment but determine the process of transfers of the technology of a state. Widespread protection cause transfers of technology become not easy eventhought less protection cause patent owner quit being lost. Both difference intention results in the need of comparative study on protection scope of the patent in countries. There are two problems should be explored, first what is the difference and similarity scope patent protection in the state's regulation and the second how legal system influenced to the differ occurrence? These problems used research methods that are statute approach and comparative approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. Result research found patent protection in Europe countries, United State, Japan, and Indonesia had similarity in protection requirement regulated such novelty, inventive step, and industrial applied. However, United State protection base on first to invent meanwhile other state based on first to file. Then scope of patent protection there has Germany applied the widest protection, then United State, and Japan, then Netherland. Mean England as the limited protection country. The difference patent protection is influenced by the legal system such common law that more referred to the precedent than civil law system with its codification. Germany is the only one country applied rigid codification on patent protection. Means, Indonesia formulated the of patent protection that is still limited related to the limited cases resolved in court. Keywords: Patent Right, Scope Protection, Comparative Law.AbstrakPerbedaan sistem hukum perlindungan lingkup paten di berbagai negara, tidak hanya mengimpor investasi baru namun juga menentukan proses transfer teknologi suatu negara. Perlindungan yang meluas menyebabkan transfer teknologi menjadi tidak mudah walaupun kurangnya perlindungan karena pemilik paten mengalami kerugian. Kedua perbedaan niat tersebut menghasilkan perlunya studi komparatif tentang cakupan perlindungan paten di negara-negara. Ada dua masalah yang harus dijajaki, pertama apa perbedaan dan kesamaan cakupan perlindungan paten dalam peraturan negara dan yang kedua bagaimana sistem hukum mempengaruhi kejadian yang berbeda? Masalah ini akan menggunakan metode penelitian pendekatan statuta menyeluruh dan pendekatan komparatif, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menemukan perlindungan paten di negara-negara Eropa, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, dan Indonesia memiliki kesamaan dalam persyaratan proteksi yang mengatur hal baru, langkah inventif, dan penerapan industri. Namun, perlindungan di Amerika Serikat pada awalnya untuk menciptakan sementara basis negara lain berdasarkan berkas pertama. Kemudian ruang lingkup proteksi paten di sana telah ada Jerman menerapkan proteksi terluas, kemudian Amerika Serikat, dan Jepang, lalu Belanda. Berarti Inggris sebagai negara perlindungan terbatas. Perbedaan proteksi paten dipengaruhi oleh sistem hukum common law yang lebih mengacu pada precedent daripada civil law dengan kodifikasinya. Jerman adalah satu-satunya negara yang menerapkan kodifikasi yang kaku terhadap perlindungan paten. Berarti, Indonesia merumuskan cakupan proteksi paten yang masih terbatas yang terkait dengan terbatasnya kasus yang diselesaikan di pengadilan. Kata kunci: Hak Paten, Perlindungan Ruang Lingkup, Hukum Komparati

Village Fund Policy Implementation In Donggala District: Case Study Of Wani Tga Village, Wombo Kalonggo Village And Wombo Mpanau Village

The purpose of this research is to describe how the village fund policy was implemented in three communities in Donggala Regency. This study employs qualitative research because it prioritizes the investigation of inductive thinking processes connected to the dynamics of the observed phenomena's interaction. Five data gathering procedures were used: observation, interviews, focus group discussions, literature review, and document review. Using the Van Meter and Van Horn indicators, it is possible to observe that the study's findings show that there are three reasons why the implementation of the village fund policy has not functioned efficiently. First, the implementers are limited in their ability to carry out village administration tasks. As a result of the tardy input of the Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget reports (VREB) and the Village Accountability Report every year, there is a delay in the process of disbursing village monies. Second, the village had difficulties in the VREB verification process as a result of pressure from bureaucratic units in selecting activities in the VREB, even though the VREB was defined through village meetings. Third, while resources for executing activities are still limited, they must increase their awareness of any restrictions relating to village fund policies

Standardisation of Foreign Labour Investigation of Mineral Mining Company

The era of free trade, including trade in labour services, has been confirmed in the General Agreement on Trade in Services, which guarantees everyone the right to work anywhere, including in Indonesia, without discrimination while complying with Indonesian national laws. However, the entry of foreign workers raises several problems in the social and economic fields as well as security and order regarding the placement of these foreign workers. Regulation over the workers is ineffective because only a few authorities are delegated to the local government. This study aims to determine and measure the effectiveness of supervision of foreign workers by the Department of Manpower and Transmigration of the Central Sulawesi Province and to describe the supervision standards of foreign workers that already exist and should be implemented. The empirical legal research is used to examine the provisions of the supervision of foreign workers through observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. The data that have been collected are processed, classified, qualified, and then analysed qualitatively. The study found that only a few authorities regulated the duties and functions of supervision. The standard of foreign worker supervision has yet to be specifically regulated, so it still faces obstacles regarding coordination between the authorised agencies

Survey of Third-Party Parenting Options Associated With Fertility Preservation Available to Patients With Cancer Around the Globe

Purpose: In the accompanying article, “Analysis of Fertility Preservation Options Available to Patients With Cancer Around the Globe,” we showed that specific fertility preservation services may not be offered at various sites around the world because of cultural and legal barriers. We assessed global and regional experiences as well as the legal status of third-party reproduction and adoption to serve as a comprehensive international data set and resource for groups that wish to begin oncofertility interventions. Methods: We provide data on the legalities of third-party assisted reproductive technologies and other family-building options in the 28 oncofertility-practicing countries surveyed. Results: We found regional and country differences that will be important in the development of tailored resources for physicians and for patient brochures that are sensitive to these local restrictions and cultural norms. Conclusion: Because many patients first consult Web-based materials, the formal assessment of the availability of these options provides members of the global oncofertility community with data to which they might otherwise not have ready access to better serve their patients

Local Practices in Sacred Groves Management in Togo: A Comparative Study in Nawda, Ifè, and Ouatchi Lands

Local populations have ensured the sustainable management of forest resources by sanctifying areas of woodland. Despite the reduction of these sacred groves by multiple threats, including those caused by humans, they persist and demonstrate the community's desire for preservation. This paper focuses on increasing the comprehension of the management of local sacred groves within the Nawda, Ifè, and Ouatchi regions in Togo. Qualitative ethnographic analysis was employed to describe how the management practices are carried out and also to examine their underlying socio-cultural concepts. The findings of the study indicate that customary religious, family, and political authorities manage sacred groves. Management practices involve conducting ritual ceremonies and establishing rules and regulations. The socio-cultural representations that shape these management practices facilitate the definition of sacred groves as sites of shared memory, confer upon them the status of dwelling places of protective divine beings/ancestors, and identify them as sources of prosperity and abundance