Upregulated proteins in pistils of S-morph flowers with a 1.5-fold change compared with L-morph flowers during maturity.

<p>Upregulated proteins in pistils of S-morph flowers with a 1.5-fold change compared with L-morph flowers during maturity.</p

GO annotation of DEPs between L-morph and S-morph flowers at different stages.

<p>The distribution of the top 35 enriched GO terms of DEPs during flower development (A) and maturity (B) is shown.</p

Upregulated proteins in pistils of S-morph flowers with a 1.5-fold change compared with L-morph flowers during development.

<p>Upregulated proteins in pistils of S-morph flowers with a 1.5-fold change compared with L-morph flowers during development.</p

Comparative proteomic analysis of eggplant (<i>Solanum melongena</i> L.) heterostylous pistil development

<div><p>Heterostyly is a common floral polymorphism, but the proteomic basis of this trait is still largely unexplored. In this study, self- and cross-pollination of L-morph and S-morph flowers and comparison of embryo sac development in eggplant (<i>Solanum melongena</i> L.) suggested that lower fruit set from S-morph flowers results from stigma-pollen incompatibility. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying heterostyly development, we conducted isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomic analysis of eggplant pistils for L- and S-morph flowers. A total of 5,259 distinct proteins were identified during heterostyly development. Compared S-morph flowers with L-morph, we discovered 57 and 184 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) during flower development and maturity, respectively. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reactions were used for nine genes to verify DEPs from the iTRAQ approach. During flower development, DEPs were mainly involved in morphogenesis, biosynthetic processes, and metabolic pathways. At flower maturity, DEPs primarily participated in biosynthetic processes, metabolic pathways, and the formation of ribosomes and proteasomes. Additionally, some proteins associated with senescence and programmed cell death were found to be upregulated in S-morph pistils, which may lead to the lower fruit set in S-morph flowers. Although the exact roles of these related proteins are not yet known, this was the first attempt to use an iTRAQ approach to analyze proteomes of heterostylous eggplant flowers, and these results will provide insights into biochemical events taking place during the development of heterostyly.</p></div

Protein-protein interaction network analyzed by STRING software.

<p>Network analysis results for significantly changed proteins between S-morph and L-morph flowers. The confidence score was set to ≥ 0.4 (medium). Different line colors represent the types of evidence for association. Known interactions: magenta = experimental evidence; light blue = database evidence. Predicted interactions: green = neighborhood evidence; red = fusion evidence; blue = co-occurrence evidence. Other: black = coexpression evidence; yellow = text-mining evidence; purple = protein homology.</p

L-morph and S-morph flowers and correlation between pistil length and flower bud length during development.

<p>(A) Overview of L-morph and S-morph flowers. (B) The relationship between pistil length and flower bud in L-morph and S-morph flowers. The green dots indicate the relationship between bud length and pistil length in L-morph flowers. In S-morph flowers, the relationship is indicated in red when bud length < 10 mm and blue when bud length > 10 mm.</p

Observation of the pistil development in L-morph and S-morph flowers.

<p>(A) Central cells and disintegration of antipodal cells in maturing embryo sac of L-morph flower. (B) The two synergids in maturing embryo sac of L-morph flower. (C) Mitosis prophase of megasporocyte in S-morph flower. (D) The two synergids, one egg cell, and central cell in maturing embryo sac of S-morph flower.</p

KEGG pathway enrichment of the DEPs at different stages.

<p>The distribution of the top 20 enriched KEGG pathways of DEPs during flower development (A) and maturity (B) is shown.</p

qRT-PCR transcription level of genes related to heterostyly in different stages of S-morph and L-morph flowers.

<p>Analysis of -expression of nine genes related to heterostyly in S-morph and L-morph flowers in eggplant by qRT-PCR at 0, 3, 6, 10, or 13 days after budding. Each bar represents the average of three samples ± standard error. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*, <i>p</i> < 0.05; **, <i>p</i> < 0.01).</p

Table_4_Construction of SNP fingerprints and genetic diversity analysis of radish (Raphanus sativus L.).xlsx

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a vegetable crop with economic value and ecological significance in the genus Radish, family Brassicaceae. In recent years, developed countries have attached great importance to the collection and conservation of radish germplasm resources and their research and utilization, but the lack of population genetic information and molecular markers has hindered the development of the genetic breeding of radish. In this study, we integrated the radish genomic data published in databases for the development of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and obtained a dataset of 308 high-quality SNPs under strict selection criteria. With the support of Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) technology, we screened a set of 32 candidate core SNP marker sets to analyse the genetic diversity of the collected 356 radish varieties. The results showed that the mean values of polymorphism information content (PIC), minor allele frequency (MAF), gene diversity and heterozygosity of the 32 candidate core SNP markers were 0.32, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.25, respectively. Population structural analysis, principal component analysis and genetic evolutionary tree analysis indicated that the 356 radish materials were best classified into two taxa, and that the two taxa of the material were closely genetically exchanged. Finally, on the basis of 32 candidate core SNP markers we calculated 15 core markers using a computer algorithm to construct a fingerprint map of 356 radish varieties. Furthermore, we constructed a core germplasm population consisting of 71 radish materials using 32 candidate core markers. In this study, we developed SNP markers for radish cultivar identification and genetic diversity analysis, and constructed DNA fingerprints, providing a basis for the identification of radish germplasm resources and molecular marker-assisted breeding as well as genetic research.</p