Travel Tales of a Worldwide Weed: Genomic Signatures of Plantago major L. Reveal Distinct Genotypic Groups With Links to Colonial Trade Routes

Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species’ establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges both intentionally and accidentally by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scarce to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed, Plantago major, collected from 50 populations worldwide to investigate how patterns of genomic diversity are distributed among populations of this global weed. Although genomic differentiation among populations is found to be low, we identify six unique genotype groups showing very little sign of admixture and low degree of outcrossing among them. We show that genotype groups are latitudinally restricted, and that more than one successful genotype colonized and spread into the introduced ranges. With the exception of New Zealand, only one genotype group is present in the Southern Hemisphere. Three of the most prevalent genotypes present in the native Eurasian range gave rise to introduced populations in the Americas, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, which could lend support to the hypothesis that P. major was unknowlingly dispersed by early European colonists. Dispersal of multiple successful genotypes is a likely reason for success. Genomic signatures and phylogeographic methods can provide new perspectives on the drivers behind the historic introductions and the successful colonization of introduced species, contributing to our understanding of the role of genomic variation for successful establishment of introduced taxa.publishedVersio

Travel Tales of a Worldwide Weed: Genomic Signatures of Plantago major L. Reveal Distinct Genotypic Groups With Links to Colonial Trade Routes

Retracing pathways of historical species introductions is fundamental to understanding the factors involved in the successful colonization and spread, centuries after a species’ establishment in an introduced range. Numerous plants have been introduced to regions outside their native ranges both intentionally and accidentally by European voyagers and early colonists making transoceanic journeys; however, records are scarce to document this. We use genotyping-by-sequencing and genotype-likelihood methods on the selfing, global weed, Plantago major, collected from 50 populations worldwide to investigate how patterns of genomic diversity are distributed among populations of this global weed. Although genomic differentiation among populations is found to be low, we identify six unique genotype groups showing very little sign of admixture and low degree of outcrossing among them. We show that genotype groups are latitudinally restricted, and that more than one successful genotype colonized and spread into the introduced ranges. With the exception of New Zealand, only one genotype group is present in the Southern Hemisphere. Three of the most prevalent genotypes present in the native Eurasian range gave rise to introduced populations in the Americas, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, which could lend support to the hypothesis that P. major was unknowlingly dispersed by early European colonists. Dispersal of multiple successful genotypes is a likely reason for success. Genomic signatures and phylogeographic methods can provide new perspectives on the drivers behind the historic introductions and the successful colonization of introduced species, contributing to our understanding of the role of genomic variation for successful establishment of introduced taxa.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Anatomical investigations of Nonea dumanii (Boraginaceae)

Nonea Medik. species are represented worldwide by about 35 species and represented by 23 species in Turkey. Nonea species are commonly known as Sormuk otu and some species use as folk medicine; aerial parts prepared as porridge are used for wound healing and internally for stomachache in Turkey

Comparative morphological and anatomical characteristics of the species known as lemongrass (limonotu): Melissa officinalis L., Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and Aloysia citriodora Palau.

Aloysia citriodora (Verbenaceae), Melissa officinalis (Lamiaceae) and Cymbopogon citratus (Poaceae) leaves have a gentle lemon-scented essential oil, contains citral or citronellal and are called the Lemongrass in Turkey. This similarity causes the use of plants for the same purposes despite the presence of different families and different morphological and anatomical structure. Instead of Melissa officinalis, which grows naturally in our country, Aloysia citriodora samples are sold in bazaars and herbal markets. Leaves of all species are used and sold. In this study morphological and anatomical features of leaves of Aloysia citriodora, Melissa officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus are investigated to identification of powder and big parts in herbal tea

An ethnobotanical study in Pohrenk village (Cicekdagi-Kirsehir province / Turkey)

Background and Aims: This article presents important ethnobotanical information obtained in Pohrenk village (cicekdagi-Kirsehir) which has the experience of severe migration. The aim of this study is to gather traditional ethnobotanical knowledge of wild plants used in this village which is located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey, and to identify the uses and local names of these wild plants

Fodder, veterinary and miscellaneous useful plants in kurecik (Malatya- Eastern Turkey)

This study includes the result of a study on the plants as fodder, veterinary and miscellaneous uses in Kurecik (Malatya). 57 taxa (4 cultures) belonging to 26 families are documented in this study. 33 taxa are used as fodder, 3 taxa are used as veterinary and 44 taxa are used for miscellaneous uses in Kurecik (Malatya). The plant specimens were collected with local people who informed us about traditional usage during June 2005-June 2007. The information was recorded, the collected plants were identified, and prepared voucher specimens were kept in the Herbarium of Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy (ISTE)

Comparative Fruit Anatomy and Morphology of Four Species Known as Cumin (Kimyon) in Turkey

Herbs and spices have long been used to improve the flavor of food. Cumin, one of these spices, is widely used all over the world. However different species known as cumin are used for the same purpose. According to the data obtained from ethnobotanical studies in Turkey. four species are known and used as cumin (Kimyon) in the country; Carum carvi L., Cuminum cyminum L., Laser trilobum (L.) Borkh. and Grammosciadium daucoides DC. In this study, comparative fruit anatomy and morphology of species were studied. The purpose of this study was to have easier species identification by revealing the differences between their fruits. Considerable differences were observed in the fruit morphology with different shapes. Also. the fruit, surface patterns of species showed important. differences with the only similarities of their surfaces were being striated. Carum carvi and Grammosciadium daucoides had prominent striae. while Cuminum cyminum and Laser trilobum sustained slight striae. Species had different fruit anatomical shapes. The extent of costal channels and the presence of secondary and primary ribs were important differences. An identification key based on both morphological and anatomical characters were presented for the studied species

The anatomical properties of Scabiosa atropurpurea L. (Caprifoliaceae)

Scabiosa atropurpurea L. (Caprifoliaceae), a medicinal plant traditionally known as "Mor uyuzotu or Seytanotu" in Turkey, has been used for treating acne, bronchitis, cold, and cough. Although phytochemical studies are available, there are no taxonomic studies related to this plant. The aim of this study was to investigate the anatomy of leaf, stem, and root of S. atropurpurea. Detailed photographs of plant parts were taken, and measurements of the leaf, stem, and root were carried out. The cross section of the stem revealed a single-layered epidermis containing one-celled simple eglandular trichomes and rarely one-celled hook-shaped eglandular trichomes. The cortex showed multilayered parenchymatous cells and a single-layered endodermis. The phloem was followed by the cambium, and the xylem was lignified. The pith was made up of parenchymatous cells. The leaves are bifacial and amphistomatic and stomata are mesomorphic in the cross section and also stomata are anomocytic in the surface section

Wild edible plants in Yesilli (Mardin-Turkey), a multicultural area

Background The Yesilli district (Mardin) is located in the southeastern of Turkey and hosts different cultures. The objective of this study was to record the traditional knowledge of wild edible plants used by indigenous people in Yesilli, where no ethnobotanical studies have been conducted previously. Methods An ethnobotanical study was carried out in Yesilli district in March 2017-March 2019 to document the traditional knowledge of wild edible plants. The data were collected by interviewing 62 informants. Additionally, the data were analysed based on the cultural importance index (CI) and factor informant consensus (F-IC) to determine the cultural significance of wild edible plants and knowledge of wild edible plants among the informants. Results We documented 74 wild edible taxa belonging to 31 families and 57 genera in the present study. The richness of the wild edible taxa was highest for vegetables (46 taxa), followed by medicinal plants (17 taxa) and fruit (14 taxa). The most important families were Asteraceae (ten taxa), Rosaceae (seven taxa) and Fabaceae (six taxa). The most culturally important taxa (based on the CI index) were Ficus carica subsp. carica, Lepidium draba, Anchusa strigosa, Rhus coriaria, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sinapis alba, Gundelia tournefortii, Notobasis syriaca, Onopordum carduchorum, Malva neglecta, Mentha longifolia, Juglans regia and Urtica dioica. The maximum number of use reports was recorded for vegetables (1011). The factor informant consensus index (F-ic) varied between 0.95 and 0.98 for preserved vegetables, beverages and spices and processed fruits have the highest F-ic (0.99). We reported for the first time the ethnobotanical usage of 12 taxa as food. We also recorded the use of Allium wendelboanum, an endemic species in the study area. Conclusion The obtained data were compared with data from other wild edible and ethnobotanical studies conducted in Turkey and particularly those conducted in eastern Turkey. Furthermore, the data were compared with data from studies conducted in the bordering countries of Iraq and Armenia. The present study reflects the cultural diversity of the region, and it is necessary to conduct more studies since it is thought that this diversity will contribute to the economy. This study will enable the traditional use of wild plants as food sources to be passed on to future generations

Allium dumanii (A. sect. Codonoprasum, Amaryllidaceae), a new species from E Turkey

Allium dumanii Koyuncu & Kocyigit, a new species in A. sect. Codonoprasum (Rchb.) Endl. from Kahramanmaras and Malatya, Anatolia, is described and illustrated. It is compared with the possibly related A. armenum Boiss. & Kotschy. The karyomorphology of A. dumanii and A. armenum is also presented and discussed. The chromosome number of the new species is 2n = 16