Policies to mobilize financial resources from corporates to develop the new countryside in Vietnam

Over the past years in Vietnam, corporates have been identified as a key and essential source for mobilizing investments in building a New Countryside (NC). The Party and the State have implemented preferential policies regarding finance, land, taxation, and credit to encourage corporations to invest in agriculture and rural areas. The mobilization of financial resources from corporates for NC construction over the past decade has significantly contributed to infrastructure development, and rural economic growth, and assisted localities in meeting NC construction criteria. However, the financial resources mobilized by corporates for NC construction remain limited, with a low mobilization rate compared to other sources. Despite comprehensive policies to incentivize corporates to invest in agriculture and rural areas, corporates are still hesitant to do so. Barriers still exist in institutions, policies, and incentives for mobilizing resources and encouraging corporations to invest in agriculture and rural areas. Investing in agriculture and rural areas carries inherent risks due to the dependence of agricultural products on natural conditions, underdeveloped rural infrastructure, low-profit margins, and slow capital recovery. This has affected the results of mobilizing financial resources from corporates for NC construction, necessitating innovative policies aligned with practical realities to enhance investment efficiency for corporates. This article examines the issue of mobilizing financial resources from corporates for NC construction and proposes improvement solutions

STATE BUDGET ALLOCATION POLICY FOR NEW RURAL CONSTRUCTION IN VIETNAM

Developing rural areas is an essential task in the socio-economic development process in countries. The state's role in rural development is critical, as reflected in the investment of funds and the promulgation of rural development policy institutions. Depending on the specific circumstances of countries, the state invests funds from the state budget for rural development in different measures and ways. Through investing large amounts of money and promulgating policies on budget allocation, management, and use, rural areas in many countries have made essential developments. In Vietnam, allocating the state budget to serve the construction of new rural areas is an essential macro policy of the state to invest in infrastructure, develop the rural economy, eliminate hunger and poverty, improve material life, and raise the spirit of the people. The state has issued a policy to allocate resources from the state budget for new rural construction to comprehensively implement new rural criteria, creating a premise to attract capital from other areas. However, in recent years, allocating the state budget for new rural construction in Vietnam has faced challenges because the need for investment capital for new rural construction is substantial; while the state budget is limited, attracting investment from other areas still needs improvement. State budget allocation policies need to be innovated so that funds allocated from the state budget are concentrated and practical, meeting the funding needs for long-term and sustainable new rural construction. This article addresses the issue of state budget allocation policies for new rural construction and proposes a complete solution

Policy of mobilizing financial resources for developing new countryside in Vietnam

Financial resources and the institutional framework, as well as policies for mobilizing financial resources, are important issues that need to be addressed in the construction of new countryside in Vietnam. Financial resources for the new countryside mainly come from the state budget, credit sources, investments from enterprises, contributions, and support from organizations, individuals, and the local community. In recent years, the state has paid attention to financial investment and issued policies to mobilize financial resources for the new countryside. Through these policies, Vietnam's rural areas have achieved important results, with rural areas being renewed, the economy being developed, and the living standards of the people being improved. However, statistical analysis and research results show that, alongside the achievements, financial resources for new countryside have not yet satisfied the needs, and the policies for mobilizing resources are sluggish to innovate and have neither fully exploited the potential of rural areas nor effectively mobilized resources from the state and society. The state budget resources for investing in the new countryside are limited, and the investment resources from enterprises have yielded low results. Contributions from the people and the local community are voluntary and have not become the main resources mobilized for the new countryside. Based on the research results, the author proposes some solutions to improve the policies for mobilizing financial resources for the new countryside in Vietnam

Surveying entrepreneurial readiness of Business Administration students - A case study in the University of Labour & Social Affairs (ULSA)

This research is conducted to explore the entrepreneurial readiness, along with its related factors, of business administration students from ULSA. Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior by Ajzen, I., (1991), the researchers used the survey focusing on the influence of four factors: (1) the Entrepreneurial ability of students; (2) Motives/ Goals for students' entrepreneurship; (3) The impact of society on student entrepreneurship; (4) The impact of activities to support student entrepreneurship on "entrepreneurial readiness of students majoring in Business Administration at ULSA". The yielded results show that most factors have an average impact of 3/5 or more. Regarding the average impact, “Motives/ Goals for students’ entrepreneurship” has the highest rate of 4,06; followed by “The impact of society on student entrepreneurship” at 3,72; “The impact of activities to support student entrepreneurship” at 3,35; “Entrepreneurial ability of students” at 3,29

Propriétés redox des indolone-N-oxydes et des extraits de crinum latifolium en relation avec leurs propriétés biologiques

Le travail de thèse porte sur l'examen des liens existants entre les propriétés d'oxydo-réduction de molécules de synthèse (indolone-N-oxydes) et d'extraits naturels (Crinum latifolium) et leurs activités biologiques, respectivement antipaludiques et anticancéreuses. Les indolone-N-oxydes présentent de fortes activités antipaludiques in vitro et in vivo. Les molécules sont bioréductibles en milieu biologique et le signal redox qu'elles induisent dans le globule rouge parasité permet de détruire la cellule hôte infectée par Plasmodium falciparum sans dégrader le globule sain. Les travaux menés à l'aide, notamment, de méthodes biochimiques, électrochimiques et techniques couplées RPE-électrochimie, ont démontré le lien existant entre le potentiel de réduction et l'activité antiplasmodiale des molécules dans la série indolone-N-oxyde ainsi que le rôle joué par différents composants érythrocytaires. Les travaux ont également permis de différencier les mécanismes d'action de ces composés comparativement aux antipaludiques de référence, chloroquine et artémisinine. Les extraits de Crinum latifolium sont largement utilisés en Médecine Traditionelle en Asie, notamment au Viet Nam, pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur la longévité et leurs activités anticancéreuses dans le cas du cancer de la prostate, notamment. Les mécanismes d'action de ces extraits ne sont pas encore bien élucidés. En partant de l'examen des propriétes redox (capacité de réduction, caractère pro-oxydant), les travaux ont permis d'établir que plusieurs extraits sont capables d'activer les macrophages et d'inhiber la prolifération de certaines cellules du lymphome (EL4-luc2). D'autres extraits activent la differenciation des macrophages de type M1.The thesis focuses on the examination of the relationship between the redox properties of synthetic molecules (indolone-N-oxides) and natural extracts (Crinum latifolium) and their biological activities, respectively antimalaria and anticancer. Indolone-N-oxides have strong antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo. These molecules are bioreductive in biological medium and induce a redox signal in parasitized red blood cells which destroys host cells infected by Plasmodium falciparum without damaging the healthy blood cells. The work with the help biochemical and electrochemical methods and EPR-coupled electrochemistry showed the relation between the reduction potential and the antiplasmodial activities in the indolone-N-oxide series and the role played by different erythrocyte components. The work also differentiated mechanisms of action of these compounds compared to the antimalarial references, chloroquine and artemisinin. Crinum latifolium extracts are widely used in Traditional Medicine in Asia, including Viet Nam, for their beneficial effects on longevity and anticancer activities; particularly in the case of cancer prostate. The mechanisms of action of these extracts are not yet well understood. Based on the examination of the redox properties (capacity reduction, pro-oxidant character), the work has shown that several extracts are capable of activating macrophages and inhibiting the proliferation of lymphoma cells (EL4-luc2). Other extracts activate M1 macrophages differentiation

ENGLISH TEACHERS’ QUESTIONS IN A VIETNAMESE HIGH SCHOOL READING CLASSROOM

Recently, developing students’ thinking, especially critical thinking (CT), has become a hot issue. Critical thinking has been claimed to have an important impact on learners’ reading comprehension because it can help them analyze, evaluate, construct their thinking, solving problems and reasoning (Ennis, 1989). However, the extent that teachers’ classroom activities contribute to developing students’ critical thinking has rarely been researched. The current case study was conducted with six EFL high school teachers and 10 reading lessons in Vietnam to explore the teachers’ use of questions and to analyze if these questions could facilitate the students’ critical thinking. Classroom observations and the cognitive domain of Bloom’s taxonomy were adapted as the research instruments. The study results reveal common types of questions are often used by high school teachers in their reading lessons. Suggestions are made on types of questions that teachers should function more in their class in order to enhance students’ critical thinking

ONLINE LEARNING AND ITS POTENTIAL IN DEVELOPING EFL LEARNER AUTONOMY: ENGLISH-MAJORED STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS

Learner autonomy is now regarded as a desirable goal in tertiary education as it is found to comply with learner-centered approaches and enable students to pursue life-long learning (Sinclair, 2000a; Ciekanski, 2007). In the time of COVID-19 pandemic, the essential to conduct in-depth investigations into leaner autotomy and online learning has become more urgent, especially in the context of a university in Vietnam. This quantitative research responded to such a pressing call by exploring two aspects: (1) the students’ perception of online learning, and (3) the potentiality of online learning for developing learner autonomy. Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires administered to 199 English-majored students in the context of a university in Mekong Delta. The results revealed that the students possessed positive perceptions toward online learning. Furthermore, the potentiality of online learning was explored including the ability of (1) planning learning experience, (2) evaluating learning performance, (3) determining learning goals, (4) self-controlling learning process, (5) taking responsibility for learning decision. Last but not least, this study expected that the proposed pedagogical implications will contribute to the innovation of promoting learner autonomy in online learning in the context of a university in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam.  Article visualizations

EFL TEACHERS’ STRATEGIES AND CHALLENGES IN PROMOTING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ AUTONOMY IN VOCABULARY LEARNING

Learner autonomy is now regarded as a desirable objective in language teaching. The objective of the study was to identify ELT teachers’ strategies in promoting EFL high school students’ autonomy in vocabulary learning. Besides, this research attempts to find out the challenges that ELT high school teachers employ in promoting EFL students’ autonomy in vocabulary learning. A questionnaire and an interview were used in this study to find out the strategies adopted by the teachers in the current research as well as the challenges they face. The findings of this study revealed that English language teachers frequently promoted autonomous learners in their classrooms. They usually implemented different teaching strategies, which can be categorized into three groups involving students in a student-centered atmosphere; playing various roles in the classroom; and equipping students with the strategies to learn vocabulary. Additionally, the results demonstrated that teachers faced challenges such as learners' lack of independent learning abilities, rules and regulations implemented in schools, and teachers' lack of fundamental ways to promote autonomous learning. Finally, it is hoped that the proposed pedagogical implications will contribute to the innovation of promoting learner autonomy in vocabulary learning in the context of high school in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam.  Article visualizations

The Right to Education for Ethnic Minority Women and Girls in Vietnam

The right to education is a fundamental human right that has been widely recognized by the United Nations and in core international human rights instruments.  Over the years as an active and responsible member of the international community, Vietnam has always worked on amending its laws to fulfill international commitments that would create an equal legal environment for the enjoyment of fundamental rights, including the right to access education. However, given their unique characteristics, ethnic minority women and girls still face discrimination and dual inequalities in their living environment, including those arising from both their ethnicity and gender. Difficulties in accessing education have led to a low percentage of ethnic minority women working in professional and technical jobs; most do simple jobs with low incomes. Barriers to education or employment generally arise due to gender stereotypes and male chauvinism. With this in mind, this article will focus on the following matters to address and resolve issues related to the right to education for ethnic minority women and girls in Vietnam: (i) an analysis of the international legal framework and Vietnam’s law on topics of gender equality in education for ethnic minority women and girls; (ii) a discussion on the reality of adopting rights to education for ethnic minority women and girls in Vietnam; (iii) identification of barriers and challenges that ethnic minority women and girls face when pursuing their educational rights; and (iv) recommendations for Vietnam to ensure the right to education for ethnic minority women and girls in the future.   Keywords: Human rights, minority’s rights, the right to education, gender equality, women’s rights

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from fresh Moringa oleifera leaves with a response surface methodology and comparison with the Soxhlet extraction method

ABSTRACT. The present study evaluated the optimum conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) of antioxidant capacities and total phenolics from fresh Moringa oleifera leaves, using the response surface methodology. Spectrophotometric method with Folin–Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagents was used to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity (AA), respectively. The four models obtained showed the non-linear and quadratic dependences of both measured responses (TPC and AA) which were influenced significantly by all control variables including the acetone solvent (70%, v/v) to solid (SS) ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature of both extraction methods. Furthermore, at the same extraction temperature, the extraction efficacy of UAE was better than SE as significantly shorter extraction time, less extraction solvent, but higher bio-active content was experienced. The optimal UAE conditions included a SS ratio of 31:1 (mL/g), extraction time of 26 min, and extraction temperature of 59 oC, resulting in the maximum TPC (34.36 mg GAE/g dry weight, DW) and AA (491.9 µmol TE/g DW) in the extracts. In addition, the models proposed were considered to be accurate and reliable for predicting the TPC and AA of fresh M. oleifera leaf extract. The research findings also imply potential applications for ultra-sonication extraction to produce the extracts from fresh M. oleifera leaves for pharmaceutical industry as well as food technology.   KEY WORDS: Antioxidant activity, Herbal plant, Model, Polyphenols, RSM   Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(2), 261-275.                                                                DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i2.