Artificial Intelligence: Application Today and Implications Tomorrow

This paper analyzes the applications of artificial intelligence to the legal industry, specifically in the fields of legal research and contract drafting. First, it will look at the implications of artificial intelligence (A.I.) for the current practice of law. Second, it will delve into the future implications of A.I. on law firms and the possible regulatory challenges that come with A.I. The proliferation of A.I. in the legal sphere will give laymen (clients) access to the information and services traditionally provided exclusively by attorneys. With an increase in access to these services will come a change in the role that lawyers must play. A.I. is a tool that will increase access to cheaper and more efficient services, but non-lawyers lack the training to analyze and understand information it puts out. The role of lawyers will change to fill this role, namely utilizing these tools to create a better work product with greater efficiency for their clients

Fluorescent Silicon Clusters and Nanoparticles

The fluorescence of silicon clusters is reviewed. Atomic clusters of silicon have been at the focus of research for several decades because of the relevance of size effects for material properties, the importance of silicon in electronics and the potential applications in bio-medicine. To date numerous examples of nanostructured forms of fluorescent silicon have been reported. This article introduces the principles and underlying concepts relevant for fluorescence of nanostructured silicon such as excitation, energy relaxation, radiative and non-radiative decay pathways and surface passivation. Experimental methods for the production of silicon clusters are presented. The geometric and electronic properties are reviewed and the implications for the ability to emit fluorescence are discussed. Free and pure silicon clusters produced in molecular beams appear to have properties that are unfavourable for light emission. However, when passivated or embedded in a suitable host, they may emit fluorescence. The current available data show that both quantum confinement and localised transitions, often at the surface, are responsible for fluorescence. By building silicon clusters atom by atom, and by embedding them in shells atom by atom, new insights into the microscopic origins of fluorescence from nanoscale silicon can be expected.Comment: 5 figures, chapter in "Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook", editor Klaus D. Sattler, CRC Press, August 201

Social network sites as educational factors

Background: In this present era, the technology development has established certain type of communication. Nowadays education as the fundamental principle in transferring cognition to the learners has found various methods. Recently the concept that social networks could be effective tool in easing the achievement to the educational goals has been under attention. Therefore, this investigation is trying to find out whether, the social networks could play role on the process of education among students? Materials and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 1000 students from 7 medical universities in 2015. The data collection tool was questionnaire that was approved Cronbach's alpha was 0.85. Meanwhile its validity was confirmed too. The obtained data were analyzed by the descriptive statistic, ANOVA, Turkey and used X2 SPSS-19. Results: In this investigation, 940 subjects were under study. 85 used daily the social network. The highest usage was attributed to the Telegram. 52 preferred image suitable for transferring of information. Even though, 73 believed that these networks have significant effects on coordinating of students with in university charges. Conclusion: Considering the findings of the present study, it is proposed that the universities integrate the social networks in the education programs and recognize it as the awareness factor, therefore benefit it in the educational affairs. © 2016 Alireza Ebrahimpour, Farnaz Rajabali, Fatemeh Yazdanfar, Reza Azarbad, Majid Rezaei Nodeh, Hasan Siamian, Mohammad Vahedi

Detection of colorectal polyps in humans using an intravenously administered fluorescent peptide targeted against c-Met

Molecular tumour pathology - and tumour genetic

Effects of Leaf Mineral Compounds on Biology and Survival of Xanthogaleruca luteola Muller (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Introduction: Investigation the relationship between herbivores and their host plant has long been one of the critical areas of study in plant science research. Herbivores should find sufficient nutritional and mineral compounds to survive on the Earth. Elm leaf beetle is one of the most destructive pests among species of elm family. This insect feeds from elm plants during its larvae and youth life cycle causing crest distortion and many other physiological problems to the host plant. These problems in turn decrease host plant’s resistance to other pests and diseases. In this vein, effects of some minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, in four host plants including Ulmus carpinifolia, U. carpinifolia var. umbraculifera, Zelkowa carpinifolia and Celtis coucasica , on larval development and survival of elm leaf beetle, Xanthoga lerucaluteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were studied under laboratory conditions (26±2ᵒC, 65±5% RH and 16:8 L: D). Material and Methods: Elm leaf beetle eggs were collected from the elm trees on the campus of faculty of natural resources at the university of Guilan, in north of Iran. Larvae were reared on different host plants in plastic jars and their biology and survival was determined. Some mineral compounds were assessed for the foliage of every host plants. Leaf nitrogen content was analyzed according to the technique introduced by Baker and Thompson. Phosphorus was measured based on Moore technique and potassium was determined by flame photometer based on Hanlon protocol. Results and Discussion: Analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference between the four studied host plants in terms of amount of phosphorous, potassium and nitrogen. The highest and the lowest amount of phosphorous and potassium was observed in U. carpinifolia and Ta leaves respectively (F=22.56; df=8, 3 for phosphorous test and F=22.36; df= 8, 3 for potassium analysis). As for nitrogen, the amount of nitrogen is significantly higher in Azad treatment compared to other three treatments (F=168.98; df= 8, 3). In terms of survival and total larvae developmental time, first instar larvae which had reared on U. carpinifolia leaves developed into other instars in a significantly shorter time span, compared to larvae reared on other three host plants. It should be noted that larvae fed from Ta leaves did not developed into third instar; so for the fourth instar developmental time analysis only larvae fed from three other host plants were included in the analysis. In terms of pupal developmental time, analysis showed that the shortest developmental time was found in larvae reared on U. carpinifolia leaves (6.78 days) and the longest developmental time was seen in larvae fed from Azad treatments (9.32 days). As for survival of larvae, the result exhibited that larvae reared on U. carpinifolia leaves had a higher survival rate compared to larvae fed from other three host plants. Total larval developmental time of X. luteola was significantly highest on C. coucasica in comparison with the other three host plants used in the study. All larval instars showed the highest survival on U. carpinifolia and the lowest survival was found on C. coucasica. The results indicated that the larvae, which had fed on host plants with higher level of mentioned mineral, had shorter duration of development. Conclusion: This research revealed that the mineral nutrition of host plants probably has significant effects on herbivore insects performance. It could be concluded that larvae developmental time and survival is highly dependent on the type of nutritional compounds which is probably due in turn to mineral compositions of the host plants. In other words, one can conclude that different kinds of minerals with different concentrations can probably be one of the main factors affecting developmental time and survival of larvae. It is suggested that more physical and chemical characteristics of elm tree be investigated and measured to achieve more precise result in the area of elm beetle larvae’s developmental time and survival

Effects of various host plants on nutritional indices and some biochemical compounds in green oak leaf roller, Tortrix viridana L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The green oak leaf roller, <em>Tortrix viridana</em> L., is one of the most destructive pests, causing damages to various species of oak, feeding on different host plants including <em>Quercus infectoria</em> Oliv, <em>Q. branti</em> Lindl, and <em>Q. libani</em> Oliv. Nutritional indices, activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds of <em>T. viridana</em> were studied under laboratory conditions. In addition, chemical components were analysed in the leaves of the three host plants. Fourth instar larvae reared on <em>Q. branti </em>showed the highest values of relative consumption rate (RCR), approximate digestibility, and consumption index (48.73±6.22; 90.45±1.06 and 97.45±12.44 respectively), while the lowest values were observed on <em>Q. libani</em>. Efficiency of conversion of ingested food in the fourth instar larvae was the highest (3.17±0.661) on <em>Q. libani</em> and the lowest (1.53±0.164) on <em>Q. branti</em>. The fifth instar larvae fed on <em>Q. libani</em> had the highest RCR (15.64±2.51). The highest amounts of triglycerides, uric acid, glucose, protein and the lowest activity of alkaline phosphatase were observed in the fifth instar larvae reared on <em>Q. libani</em>. The leaves of Q. libani highlighted the highest amounts of total nitrogen, total protein, water, potassium, magnesium and total carbohydrate. The present research suggested that the nutritional quality of the host plants have crucial effects on <em>T. viridana</em> larvae