Representation of space and form in illustrations and buildings in Timurid Central Asia

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1991.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-114).This study attempts to explore a number of questions about the use of an architectural language in Timurid and Safavid miniature paintings of 15th and 16th century Central Asia. Of these the most important are the following: Is there a language of architectural characteristics that can be identified in the miniature? What is this language? Is it possible to find comparative expressions and representations between the painting and the architecture? Due to the lack of other . records stating otherwise, architecture of this period is often described only as a craft; is it possible to identify a discourse between artists, writers and architects that indicates common ideals and intentions for such things as beauty in form and space? In answering these questions five different methods of analysis were used. The first method was an analysis of the visual space and the formal organization of the miniature. The second method was an analysis of the content and the culture that the miniature visualizes. The third method was an analysis of the experiential space and perception of contemporary architectural forms still in existence. These were then studied in a comparative juxtaposition with the images of the architecture. This comparative analysis was organized in a fourth method as a matrix of diverse concepts and ideas in a search for possible interrelationships between several sources including literature, poetry, Arabic inscriptions and Ko'ranic verses. A final comparative method took the form of three dimensional constructs of the miniatures in order to attempt a parallel analysis of the spatial perception of the architecture and the miniature. The question of whether an architectural language could be identified in the miniature paintings was answered positively. Starting from a basic level, there were consistent similarities between architecture and miniature in building elements and typologies. The search that was made at the conceptual level revealed many possible common expressions such as those of passage, of entrance and its use, of focal paints and of nodes in the architectural and the miniature space. Building and form also appeared to be contemplated at the philosophic and spiritual level. In addition, an expressive vocabulary of design was revealed in the treatment of such architectural forms as iwans, pistaqs and their perception as rhythmic and urban structures. The shallow compressed space that emerged in the constructed interpretation of the miniature appeared to be reflected in the compact spaces created by accretions of cells of varying depths in the Ulugh Beg Madrasa in Samarkand. A potential for further significant interpretive exploration appears to have been revealed in these records of a remarkable time and culture.by Hatice Yazar.M.S

A research on the effect of psychological capital on organizational commitment

Araştırma kapsamı giderek genişleyen psikolojik sermaye kavramı, örgütlerin önem verdikleri konular arasına girmiştir. Örgütlerin sürdürülebilirliği için önemli olan örgütsel bağlılık konusunu etkileyen olumlu ve olumsuz unsurlar araştırılmakta ve örgütler bulunan olumlu unsurların geliştirilmesi için çaba sarf ederken, olumsuz unsurlar için de çözüm arayışına girmektedirler. Örgütsel bağlılığı olumlu etkileyeceği düşünülen çalışanların psikolojik sermaye düzeyleri araştırmanın içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada psikolojik sermaye kavramının boyutları olan öz yeterlilik, umut, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve iyimserlik düzeylerinin örgütsel bağlılığa etkisi analiz edilmiş ve bu amaçla bir kamu kurumunda uygulama yapılarak sonuçlar ortaya konmuştur. 157 kişinin katıldığı araştırmadan elde edilen verilerin analiz sonuçlarına göre, çalışanların psikolojik sermaye düzeyleri örgütsel bağlılıklarını pozitif yönde etkilemektedir.The concept of psychological capital has expanded its research increasingly and also has become one of the issues which organizations care about. The negative and positive issues affecting organizational commitment which is important for organizations’ sustainability are searched and while organizations are striving for the development of positive elements, they are seeking solutions for negative ones. The purpose of this research is to determine employees’ psychological capital levels which is thought to affect organizational commitment positively. In this research, the effects of self-efficacy, hope, resilience and optimism levels, which are the dimensions of psychological capital, on organizational commitment were analized and the results are determined by applying them in a public institution. According to the results of the data which obtained from the study with 157 participants, employees’ psychological capital levels affect their organizational commitment positively

The peroneus brevis tendon at its insertion site on fifth metatarsal bone

Background: The differences at the attachment site of peroneus brevis (PB) to the fifth metatarsal bone isimportant in terms of the forces exerted on the bone and hence the mechanism of fractures involving thisstructure. In this study, we investigated the anatomical properties of PB at the insertion site to the base offifth metatarsal bone, its possible intertendinous connections with peroneus tertius (PT) and theirpossible effects on the fracture occurrence at the bony attachment site.Methods: The length and the width of PB tendons at their mid- and end-points were measured andclassified according to the insertion types. Besides, the length and the width of the base of fifth metatarsalbone were assessed. The slips extending from the PB tendons and their relationship with PT were alsoevaluated. The data was compared statistically with each other and between the right and left sides.Results: The length of PB tendon was measured 79.57 15.40 mm on the right side; 81.48 14.31 mm on theleft. The width of PB tendon at the mid-point was 4.46 0.80 mm on the right side; 4.42 0.94 mm on the left.The width of the tendon at its insertion point was measured 14.85 3.40 mm and 15.16 3.42 mm on the rightand left sides respectively. PB was divided into three types according to its attachment to base of fifth metatarsalbone (5thMB). Type I, Type II and Type III were observed at the rates of 59.5%, 28.6% and 11.5% respectively. It wasobserved that the slips to the bone were extending more commonly from PB than from PT and that the largemajority of them were single having their insertions on the base of the proximal phalanx of the fifth toe.Conclusions: Knowing the width and insertional types of PB aids in understanding the mechanism offractures at the site of bony attachment. The existence of slips may help the surgeon in the proceduresinvolving PB or the lateral side of the forefoot

Knowledge levels of medical faculty students and residents about ionizing radiation

This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge levels of medical school students and residents about ionising radiation. The study is designed as descriptive research, and it was conducted with 369 medical school students and residents. A survey form was used in the research. A Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. In the study, 369 people were reached within the scope of the research. A total of 60.7% of the research participants were clinical medicine students (4th, 5th, 6th grade) and 39.3% were residents. A total of 42.0% of the participants of the study were male, 58.0% were women. It was found that 17.9% of the clinical medical students and 18.6% of the residents had sufficient knowledge of ionising radiation (p=0.002). A total of 87.0% of the participants in the study answered correctly that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) does not contain radiation and 93.5% answered correctly that ultrasonography (USG) does not contain radiation. 74.8% of the participants stated that having knowledge about ionising radiation would contribute to “protecting sensitive groups from ionising radiation” in medical practice. This ratio is 77.2% in clinical medicine students and 71.0% in residents. The study found that knowledge levels of medical faculty students and residents about ionising radiation were insufficient. Medical students and residents are recommended to be trained on radiation and the radiological requests of residents to be evaluated

Evaluation of nutritional status in pediatric intensive care unit patients: the results of a multicenter, prospective study in Turkey

IntroductionMalnutrition is defined as a pathological condition arising from deficient or imbalanced intake of nutritional elements. Factors such as increasing metabolic demands during the disease course in the hospitalized patients and inadequate calorie intake increase the risk of malnutrition. The aim of the present study is to evaluate nutritional status of patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Turkey, examine the effect of nutrition on the treatment process and draw attention to the need for regulating nutritional support of patients while continuing existing therapies.Material and MethodIn this prospective multicenter study, the data was collected over a period of one month from PICUs participating in the PICU Nutrition Study Group in Turkey. Anthropometric data of the patients, calorie intake, 90-day mortality, need for mechanical ventilation, length of hospital stay and length of stay in intensive care unit were recorded and the relationship between these parameters was examined.ResultsOf the 614 patients included in the study, malnutrition was detected in 45.4% of the patients. Enteral feeding was initiated in 40.6% (n = 249) of the patients at day one upon admission to the intensive care unit. In the first 48 h, 86.82% (n = 533) of the patients achieved the target calorie intake, and 81.65% (n = 307) of the 376 patients remaining in the intensive care unit achieved the target calorie intake at the end of one week. The risk of mortality decreased with increasing upper mid-arm circumference and triceps skin fold thickness Z-score (OR = 0.871/0.894; p = 0.027/0.024). The risk of mortality was 2.723 times higher in patients who did not achieve the target calorie intake at first 48 h (p = 0.006) and the risk was 3.829 times higher in patients who did not achieve the target calorie intake at the end of one week (p = 0.001). The risk of mortality decreased with increasing triceps skin fold thickness Z-score (OR = 0.894; p = 0.024).ConclusionTimely and appropriate nutritional support in critically ill patients favorably affects the clinical course. The results of the present study suggest that mortality rate is higher in patients who fail to achieve the target calorie intake at first 48 h and day seven of admission to the intensive care unit. The risk of mortality decreases with increasing triceps skin fold thickness Z-score

Tetrahidrofurfuril metakrilatın Ce(IV) Varlığında polimerleşmesi

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Kırıkkale Üniversitesi78462

Polymerization of tedrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate in the presence of Ce(IV)

YÖK Tez ID: 258974Tetrahidrofurfuril metakrilat (TFMA), Ce(IV) iyonu varlığında farklı deneysel koşullar altında kimyasal ve elektrokimyasal olarak polimerleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen polimerler genel organik çözücülerde çözünmüştür. Elektrokimyasal başlamada elde edilen polimerlerin yüzde dönüşüm değerlerinin kimyasal başlamaya göre daha fazla olduğu görülmüştür. Elektrokimyasal başlamanın görünen aktifleşme enerjisi 45.86 kJ/mol olarak bulunmuştur. Polimerleşmeye gün ışığının ve ortamdaki oksijenin etkisi gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen polimerik ürünler FTIR, 13C-NMR, DSC ve TGA ile karakterize edilmiş ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile görüntüleri alınmıştır. Polimerleşme mekanizmasında Ce(IV) ve indirgen arasındaki tepkimeyi belirlemek için Dönüşümlü Voltametri (DV) çalışması yapılmıştır. Spektroskopik ve termal çalışmaların sonuçları, TFMA polimerleşmesinin tetrahidrofurfuril gruplarının büyük olasılıkla açılmadığı ya da polimerleşmeye katılmadığını, polimerleşmenin vinilik bağın açılmasıyla olduğunu göstermiştir. Camsı geçiş sıcaklığı her iki yöntemle de elde edilen polimerler için 75°C civarında görülmüştür. TGA çalışmaları sonucunda 2 basamaklı kırılma gözlenmiştir. DV çalışmalarından, Ce(IV) iyonu monomer ile tepkimeye girdiği gözlemlenmiştir. SEM çalışmalarıyla polimerlerin hazırlanış şekli ne olursa olsun birbirlerinin üzerlerine yığıldıkları belirlenmiştir.Tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate (TFMA) has been polymerized chemically and electrochemically in the presence of Ce(IV) under different conditions. The polymers obtained were soluble in common organic solvents. It was observed that, the percent conversions of polymers obtained by electrochemical initiation was more than the polymers obtained by chemical initiation. The apparent activation energy for electrochemical polymerization was found 45.86 kJ/mol. It was found that daylight and the oxygen in the medium affects the polymerization. The polymers obtained were characterized by FTIR, 13C-NMR, DSC, TGA and the pictures of the polymers were taken by SEM. To evaluate the polymerization mechanism, cyclic voltammetric (CV) study was performed. Spectrophotometric and thermal experiments showed that during polymerization, tetrahydrofurfuryl groups most probably were not opened and were not contributed for the polymerization, instead the polymerization proceeded by the opening of vinylic groups. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was observed as around 75oC for both methods. Two stage degradation mechanism was observed by TGA. The study of CV showed that monomer reacted in the presence of Ce(IV). SEM pictures showed that the polymers accumulated as a random plates and concentrated on each other whatever the polymerization methods were

Double contrast enteroclysis method with barium in the diagnosis of small bowel disease

Bu çalışma 40-70 yaşları arasında toplam 106 koroner arter hastası (KAH) (30 kadın,76 erkek) ile 41-73 yaşları arasında hiçbir şikayeti ve bulgusu olmayan toplam 89 sağlıklıkontrol (49 kadın, 40 erkek) vakası üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Hasta grubuna anjiografi ilekoroner arterlerinin en az birinde %50'den fazla tıkanık olduğu belirlenen kişiler alındı.Vakalardan sabah aç karna kan örnekleri alındı ve total antioksidan aktivite(TAA),Ox-LDL, NO ve eNOS gen polimorfizmi araştırıldı. Tüm bireyler sigara ve alkol kullanımı,HT, DM varlığı ve aile öyküsü bakımından sorgulandı.Ox-LDL tayini, Mercodia marka ticari kit kullanılarak ELİSA metoduyla, NO tayiniGriess metoduyla ve antioksidan aktivite tayini ise spektrofotometrik yöntemle çalışıldı.Vakaların tam kanlarından DNA izolasyonu yapılarak PCR-RFLP tekniği ile genetikanalizleri yapıldı. Bulgular aşağıdaki gibidir:KAH'da Ox-LDL ve NO düzeyleri kontrollere kıyasla önemli oranda yüksek, TAAdüzeyleri ise düşük bulundu. Ox-LDL ile tutulan damar sayısı arasında önemli pozitifkorelasyon bulundu.KAH'da Ox-LDL , NO ve TAA düzeyleri sırası ile 2,332 ± 0,896 U/L, 47,78 ± 27µmol/L ve 0,915 ± 0,225 mmol/L olarak, kontrollerde ise aynı parametler sırası ile 1,983 ±0,682 U/L, 41,44 ± 25,9 µmol/L ve 1,0495 ± 0,173 mmol/L olarak bulundu.KAH'ları ile sağlıklı kontrol grubu arasında eNOS intron 4 VNTR ve intron 23polimorfizmi bakımından önemli bir fark bulanamadı.Sonuç olarak, serbest radikallerin ve Ox-LDL'nin KAH'ın patogenezinde önemli roloynadığı belirlendi. Ayrıca, KAH ile eNOS intron4 VNTR ve intron 23 polimorfizmi arasındaherhangi bir korelasyon bulunamadı. Bu konuda daha fazla araştırma yapılması gerektiğisonucuna varıldı.The study was performed on 106 patients (30 F, 76 M) with coronary artery disease(CAD) aged between 40-70 years and 89 healty controls (49 F, 40 M) aged between 41-73years. All patients had more than 50% stenosis in at least one coronary artery documented byangiography.Ox-LDL, total antioxidant activity (TAA), NO and eNOS gene polymorphism weremeasured on fasting blood samples. Smoking, alcohol drinking, HT, DM and family historyof all cases were recorded.Ox-LDL was measured using a commercially available kit (mercodia) by ELISAmethod, NO was measured by Griess reaction, TAA was measured spectrophometrically,eNOS gene polymorphism was investigated by PCR-RFLP technique.Ox-LDL and NO levels of the patients were significantly higher whereas TAA levelwas lower than the same parameters of the controls.Ox-LDL, NO and TAA levels of the patients were 2,332 ± 0,896 U/L, 47,78 ± 27µmol/L and 0,915 ± 0,225 mmol/L respectively. The same parameters of the controls were1,983 ± 0,682 U/L, 41,44 ± 25,9 µmol/L and 1,0495 ± 0,173 mmol/L respectively.A significant positive correlation was found. between Ox-LDL and the number ofstenotic vessels.No significant difference was found between eNOS intron 4 VNTR and intron 23polymorphism of the patients and the controls.Our results shows that free radicals and especially Ox-LDL play an important role inthe pathogenesis of the disease. Also, we have found no correlation between CAD and eNOSpolymorphism which need to be further investigated