Determination of the chemical composition of tea by chromatographic methods: a review

Despite the fact that mankind has been drinking tea for more than 5000 years, its chemical composition has been studied only in recent decades. These studies are primarily carried out using chromatographic methods. This review summarizes the latest information regarding the chemical composition of different tea grades by different chromatographic methods, which has not previously been reviewed in the same scope. Over the last 40 years, the qualitative and quantitative analyses of high volatile compounds were determined by GC and GC/MS. The main components responsible for aroma of green and black tea were revealed, and the low volatile compounds basically were determined by HPLC and LC/MS methods. Most studies focusing on the determination of catechins and caffeine in various teas (green, oolong, black and pu-erh) involved HPLC analysis. Knowledge of tea chemical composition helps in assessing its quality on the one hand, and helps to monitor and manage its growing, processing, and storage conditions on the other. In particular, this knowledge has enabled to establish the relationships between the chemical composition of tea and its properties by identifying the tea constituents which determine its aroma and taste. Therefore, assessment of tea quality does not only rely on subjective organoleptic evaluation, but also on objective physical and chemical methods, with extra determination of tea components most beneficial to human health. With this knowledge, the nutritional value of tea may be increased, and tea quality improved by providing via optimization of the growing, processing, and storage conditions.</p

Analitical Derivation of the Cobb-Douglas Function based on the Golden Rule of Capital Accumulation

In this paper, the neoclassical model is extended for the general case of economic growth, which can be represented as the sum of cyclical and growth components. If the general formulation of the golden rule of capital accumulation is satisfied (the savings rate is equal to the capital income share), the production function takes the form of the Cobb-Douglas function. This function governs the economic growth both when the economy is growing along an equilibrium path and when the economy is departing from it (the correlation coefficient between U.S. GDP changes and calculated ones is equal to 0.91). When economy fluctuations are averaged along an equilibrium path, the Cobb-Douglas function reduces to condition, which is similar to Harrod-Domar one. The level of technology may be reasonably considered to express in terms of the wage level.neoclassical growth model; golden rula of capital accumulation; Cobb-Douglas function; Harrod-Domar condition

Cypriot and Turkish literatures and cultures

This statement introduces and contextualises my creative writing, academic work and professional career as a poet, author and scholar. It highlights my educational and professional background; the most significant original contribution of my work in the fields of Cypriot and Turkish literatures and cultures; the key events and changes that my publications brought to the professional scene and its impact on the public; the evaluation of my contributions over 27 years; the research methodology I have employed; my other skills, knowledge and practical abilities which have given me an influential authority; the relationships, challenges and valuable impacts of my work in Turkey, both parts of Cyprus, Britain, and other European countries; and the issue of ethics and other related considerations in my creative writing, scholarship and professional life. This information and analysis is supported by appendices which include my curriculum vitae, samples of original publications, other documentation and a full bibliography

Cancer rates over age, time, and place: insights from stochastic models of heterogeneous populations

Individuals at the same age in the same population differ along numerous risk factors that affect their chances of various causes of death. The frail and susceptible tend to die first. This differential selection may partially account for some of the puzzles in cancer epidemiology, including the lack of apparent progress in reducing cancer incidence and mortality rates over time. (AUTHORS)

Continuous Time Adaptive Filtering

This paper deals with the problem of adaptive estimation in the continuous time Kalman filtration scheme. The necessary and sufficient conditions of the convergence of the parameter estimators are discussed. For systems which are characterized by constant but unknown parameters, the conditions of convergence can be checked before the observation start. The method of proof is based on the relations between singularity property of some probability measures and convergence of the Bayesian estimation algorithm

Economic progress as cancer risk factor. II: Why is overall cancer risk higher in more developed countries?

Analysis of data on cancer incidence rates in different countries at different time periods revealed positive association between overall cancer risk and economic progress. Typical explanations of this phenomenon involve improved cancer diagnostics and elevated exposure to carcinogens in industrial countries. Here we provide evidence from human and experimental animal studies suggesting that some other factors associated with high economic development and Western life style may primarily increase the proportion of susceptible to cancer individuals in a population and thus contribute to elevated cancer risks in industrial countries. These factors include (but not limited to): (i) better medical and living conditions that “relax” environmental selection and increase share of individuals prone to chronic inflammation; (ii) several medicines and foods that are not carcinogenic themselves but affect the metabolism of established carcinogens; (iii) nutrition enriched with growth factors; (iv) delayed childbirth. The latter two factors may favor an increase in both cancer incidence rate and longevity in a population. This implies the presence of a trade-off between cancer and aging: factors that postpone aging may simultaneously enhance organism’s susceptibility to several cancers. Key words: cancer risk, individual susceptibility, economic progress, aging