Energy Response and Longitudinal Shower Profiles Measured in CMS HCAL and Comparison With Geant4

The response of the CMS combined electromagnetic and hadron calorimeter to beams of pions with momenta in the range 5-300 GeV/c has been measured in the H2 test beam at CERN. The raw response with the electromagnetic compartment calibrated to electrons and the hadron compartment calibrated to 300 GeV pions may be represented by sigma = (1.2) sqrt{E} oplus (0.095) E. The fraction of energy visible in the calorimeter ranges from 0.72 at 5 GeV to 0.95 at 300 GeV, indicating a substantial nonlinearity. The intrinsic electron to hadron ratios are fit as a function of energy and found to be in the range 1.3-2.7 for the electromagnetic compartment and 1.4-1.8 for the hadronic compartment. The fits are used to correct the non-linearity of the e pi response to 5% over the entire measured range resulting in a substantially improved resolution at low energy. Longitudinal shower profile have been measured in detail and compared to Geant4 models, LHEP-3.7 and QGSP-2.8. At energies below 30 GeV, the data, LHEP and QGSP are in agreement. Above 30 GeV, LHEP gives a more accurate simulation of the longitudinal shower profile

Synchronization and Timing in CMS HCAL

The synchronization and timing of the hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the Compact Muon Solenoid has been extensively studied with test beams at CERN during the period 2003-4, including runs with 40 MHz structured beam. The relative phases of the signals from different calorimeter segments are timed to 1 ns accuracy using a laser and equalized using programmable delay settings in the front-end electronics. The beam was used to verify the timing and to map out the entire range of pulse shapes over the 25 ns interval between beam crossings. These data were used to make detailed measurements of energy-dependent time slewing effects and to tune the electronics for optimal performance

Design, Performance, and Calibration of CMS Hadron Endcap Calorimeters

Detailed measurements have been made with the CMS hadron calorimeter endcaps (HE) in response to beams of muons, electrons, and pions. Readout of HE with custom electronics and hybrid photodiodes (HPDs) shows no change of performance compared to readout with commercial electronics and photomultipliers. When combined with lead-tungstenate crystals, an energy resolution of 8\% is achieved with 300 GeV/c pions. A laser calibration system is used to set the timing and monitor operation of the complete electronics chain. Data taken with radioactive sources in comparison with test beam pions provides an absolute initial calibration of HE to approximately 4\% to 5\%

Melanoma metastasis to the breast: A diagnostic pitfall

Background: Breast metastasis is an extremely rare phenomenon. While nearly every malignancy has been described to metastasize to the breast; melanoma, lymphoma and leukemia tend to be the most common. Among these primary tumors, melanoma metastasis represents a diagnostic pitfall for both the clinicians and histopathologists. Methods: We report a case of widely metastatic malignant melanoma with diagnostic difficulties in both clinical and histopathological evaluation. Thorax CT, Abdominal MRI, tumor marker screening and two biopsies were performed to conclude the primary. Results: In clinical evaluation, there were rapidly proliferating multiple nodular lesions at the skin, breasts, lungs, ovaries and peritoneum accompanied by only increased CA 125 in tumor marker panel. The initial biopsy performed from a skin nodule was concordant with a metastatic carcinoma suggesting breast as the primary. The diagnosis was made by immunohistochemical staining of the second biopsy performed from a breast nodule. Conclusion: Although no strict clinical criteria exist to differentiate a melanoma metastasis to the breast from a primary breast carcinoma atypically rapid growth, normal Ca 15-3 level, and a history of prior melanoma may be helpful. However, it may be still misdiagnosed in some cases even histopathologically if the immunohistochemical staining is not performed. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Biological treatability processes of textile wastewaters using electrocoagulation and ozonation

496-500This study presents biotreatment of textile wastewaters using electrocoagulation and ozone processes. Ozonation process gave better results than electrocoagulation process. For electrocoagulation, optimum working conditions were found as follows: pH, 6.5; electrode type, iron electrode; current density, 20 mA/cm2; and reaction time, 15 min. Under these circumstances, values determined for electrocoagulation and ozonation processes, respectively, were as follows: COD removal, 73, 46%; color removal, 85, 93%; BOD/COD ratio, 0.60, 0.69; and cost per unit of wastewater treatment, 1.7, 1.3 $

An Unusual Mass Filling Within the Middle Meatus

Schwannoma is a benign tumor that originates from sheath of myelinated peripheral nerves, rarely seen at the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Symptoms of this tumor are nonspecific, and diagnosis is often made only after histological examination. Schwannoma is radioresistant, and chemotherapy is not effective, so surgical resection is the only curative treatment for this tumor. Endoscopic sinus surgery was the first choice for this case because of its definite origin and being easy to remove for complete excision. We present a patient with schwannoma who underwent an endonasal endoscopic approach for complete resection

Toxicity resulting from methotrexate taken mistakenly for a long time instead of L-thyroxine: Do we inform our patients about their treatment sufficiently?

Methotrexate is a drug commonly used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma, and some solid tumors as a chemotherapeutic agent and also used frequently in the treatment of chronic non-neoplastic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis. During methotrexate administration, serious adverse effects may develop at any stage of the treatment such as nausea, vomitting, oral ulceration, anorexia caused by gastrointestinal system toxicity; increased hepatic enzyme levels because of hepatotoxicity, leukocytopenia and thrombocytopeina due to bone marrow suppression. In this article we present a case of a patient who had taken methotrexate mistakenly for 6 months instead of thyroid hormone replacement treatment. He was admitted to the hospital with leukopenia and oral ulcers and thereafter he developed febrile neutropenia. We emphasize that the physicians must obtain a detailed history from their patients, inform their patients sufficiently and be more careful when they follow up their treatment and its effectiveness

Prevalence, Underlying Factors And Damage Associated With Chronic Persistent Inflammation In Patients With Fmf

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Application Of Auto-Inflammatory Disease Damage Index (Addi) To Patients With Fmf And Related Factors With Damage

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