96 research outputs found

    Apport d’un fourrage vert tropical, Centrosema pubescens, en complĂ©ment au granulĂ© : effet sur les performances de croissance et sanitaire du lapin (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

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    L’objectif de ce travail est d’évaluer la digestibilitĂ© du fourrage vert, C. pubescens, et son impact sur la croissance ainsi que la santĂ© digestive du lapin de chaire en Ă©levage artisanal. Deux lots de 15 lapins sevrĂ©s Ă  35 jours, Ă©levĂ©s en cage individuelle et nourris Ă  l’aide de deux aliments complĂ©mentĂ©s ou non avec du C. pubescens ont Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©s. La digestibilitĂ© des nutriments Ă  50 jours d’ñge de la ration contenant le fourrage C. pubescens est supĂ©rieure Ă  la ration sans fourrage. Ainsi, la digestibilitĂ© de la MS, MO, MAT, ADF, NDF, Hc est respectivement de 1,6, de 1,5, de 1,8, de 2,2, de 1,6 et de 1,3 fois plus Ă©levĂ©e dans la ration ayant reçu le fourrage C. pubescens en complĂ©ment par rapport au tĂ©moin sans fourrage. L’indice de risque sanitaire est rĂ©duit de moitiĂ© avec l’apport de fourrage. Cependant, l’ingestion des 2 rations est Ă©quivalente, la moyenne est de 68 g/j entre le sevrage et 70 jours. Le gain de poids quotidien est Ă©galement identique avec l’apport ou non de C. pubescens. La moyenne entre 35 et 70 jours d’ñge est de 26,5 g/j.Mots clĂ©s : Lapin, fourrage, Centrosema pubescens, aliments, performances zootechniques

    Effect of tropical green forage Pueraria phaseoloides addition to a pelleted complete feed on rabbit growth performance and digestion

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    [EN] The aim of this work was to study the effect of tropical green forage on rabbit growth performance and apparent digestibility. Thirty rabbits weaned at 35 d of age were individually caged and allotted to 2 dietary treatments. From 35 to 90 d of age, the control group C was fed ad libitum with commercial pelleted diet C only, while the test group was fed the C diet and forage Pueraria phaseoloides (Pp) ad libitum. Individual water and feed intake, body weight gain, nutrient apparent digestibility, red and white blood cells were studied. Mean housing temperature was 27.7°C. Water intake (35-90 d) did not differ between the 2 groups (mean=128 mL/d), whereas feed intake (35-90 d) was twice as high, with Pp (114 vs. 56 g; P=0.02). Forage intake doubled every 2 wk, averaging 50% of the total intake from 35 to 90 d of age. The growth rate was higher (+30%) in the Pp group after weaning (35-49 d) but did not differ between groups thereafter. The feed conversion was higher for the Pp group after weaning only (+ 87%; P<0;05). Weight of rabbits and feed efficiency were not affected by forage addition. Organic matter digestibility of diet C alone was roughly twofold higher compared to C+Pp (P=0.03). Red blood cells were not affected by treatments (4.1×1012 cells/L). However, the white blood cell count was higher in Pp than in C group (7.4×109 vs. 3.9×109 cells/L; P<0.01). P. phaseoloides may be used as a complement to a balanced pelleted feed, but further studies with a large number of rabbits are necessary to analyse the potential impact on health status.KimsĂ©, M.; Yapi, M.; Karamoko, M.; Gidenne, T.; Zongo, M.; Gnanda, B.; Akoutey, A.... (2015). Effect of tropical green forage Pueraria phaseoloides addition to a pelleted complete feed on rabbit growth performance and digestion. World Rabbit Science. 25(3):225-231. doi:10.4995/wrs.2017.5126.SWORD22523125

    RĂ©sistance de la Tique Invasive Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus Ă  la Nouvelle Gamme d’Acaricides DistribuĂ©s en CĂŽte d’Ivoire

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    Ce travail avait pour objectif d’amĂ©liorer la lutte contre la tique Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en CĂŽte d’Ivoire en apportant une assistance aux Ă©leveurs dans le choix des acaricides qui leur sont proposĂ©s. Pour ce faire, il a Ă©tĂ© question de rĂ©pertorier les spĂ©cialitĂ©s d’acaricides distribuĂ©es en CĂŽte d’Ivoire pour le dĂ©tiquage des bovins et par la suite, Ă©valuer le niveau de rĂ©sistance-sensibilitĂ© des tiques R. (B.) microplus Ă  ces acaricides dans les Ă©levages pĂ©ri-urbains de bovins au sud de la CĂŽte d’Ivoire, prĂ©cisĂ©ment dans la zone d’AzaguiĂ© oĂč la tique exotique R. (B.) microplus a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte pour la premiĂšre fois en Afrique de l’Ouest. Il ressort de l’étude que six (6) molĂ©cules acaricides sont officiellement distribuĂ©es en CĂŽte d’Ivoire (AlphacypermĂ©thrine, CypermĂ©thrine, Amitraz, FlumĂ©thrine, DeltamĂ©thrine et Fipronil) sous diverses appellations commerciales. Face aux Ă©checs thĂ©rapeutiques recurents et aux plaintes des Ă©leveurs, une nouvelle gamme d’acaricides est actuellement proposĂ©e aux Ă©leveurs. Elle est essentiellement constituĂ©e de produits Ă  base de flumĂ©thrine, de fipronil, de deltamĂ©thrine ou de cypermĂ©thrine associĂ©e au chlorpyriphos, au butoxide de pipĂ©ronyl et Ă  la citronnelle. La mĂ©thode de rĂ©fĂ©rence LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardisĂ©e par la FAO a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour Ă©valuer le niveau de rĂ©sistance de cette tique invasive R. (B.) microplus Ă  trois (3) molĂ©cules acaricides de cette gamme Ă  savoir la deltamĂ©thrine, la flumĂ©thrine et la nouvelle spĂ©cialitĂ© de molĂ©cules associĂ©es (cypermĂ©thrine-chlorpyriphos-citronnelle-butoxide de pipĂ©ronyl). Une variation du niveau de rĂ©sistance a Ă©tĂ© signalĂ©e d’un acaricide Ă  l’autre vis-Ă -vis des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus testĂ©es. L’étude a montrĂ© une rĂ©sistance des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus Ă  la deltamĂ©thrine et Ă  la flumĂ©thrine. Quant Ă  la nouvelle spĂ©cialitĂ© de molĂ©cules associĂ©es, elle a prĂ©sentĂ© un niveau de sensibilitĂ© acceptable exprimĂ© par les populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus. &nbsp; This work aimed to improve the fight against the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in CĂŽte d'Ivoire by providing assistance to breeders in the choice of acaricides marketed. To do this, the acaricides distributed in CĂŽte d'Ivoire for cattle treatment was inventoried and then, the level of resistance- susceptibility of R. (B.) microplus to these acaricides was estimated in peri-urban cattle farms in southern CĂŽte d'Ivoire, precisely in the area of AzaguiĂ© where the exotic tick R. (B.) microplus was discovered for the first time in West Africa. It appears from the study that six (6) acaricidal molecules are officially distributed in CĂŽte d'Ivoire (Alphacypermethrin, Cypermethrin, Amitraz, Flumethrin, Deltamethrin and Fipronil) under various trade names. Faced with recurrent treatment failures and complaints from breeders, a new range of acaricides is currently being offered to breeders. It essentially consists of products based on flumethrin, fipronil, deltamethrin or cypermethrin associated with chlorpyrifos, piperonyl butoxid and citronella. The reference method LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardized by the FAO was used to estimate the level of resistance of the invasive tick R. (B.) microplus to three (3) acaricides, namely deltamethrin, flumethrin and the new product of associated acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid- citronella). A variation of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus has been reported from one acaricide to another. The study showed a resistance of R. (B.) microplus tick populations to deltamethrin and flumethrin. However, an acceptable level of susceptibility expressed by the population ticks of R. (B.) microplus to the association of acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid-citronella) was reported

    RĂ©sistance de la Tique Invasive Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus Ă  la Nouvelle Gamme d’Acaricides DistribuĂ©s en CĂŽte d’Ivoire

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    Ce travail avait pour objectif d’amĂ©liorer la lutte contre la tique Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus en CĂŽte d’Ivoire en apportant une assistance aux Ă©leveurs dans le choix des acaricides qui leur sont proposĂ©s. Pour ce faire, il a Ă©tĂ© question de rĂ©pertorier les spĂ©cialitĂ©s d’acaricides distribuĂ©es en CĂŽte d’Ivoire pour le dĂ©tiquage des bovins et par la suite, Ă©valuer le niveau de rĂ©sistance-sensibilitĂ© des tiques R. (B.) microplus Ă  ces acaricides dans les Ă©levages pĂ©ri-urbains de bovins au sud de la CĂŽte d’Ivoire, prĂ©cisĂ©ment dans la zone d’AzaguiĂ© oĂč la tique exotique R. (B.) microplus a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©couverte pour la premiĂšre fois en Afrique de l’Ouest. Il ressort de l’étude que six (6) molĂ©cules acaricides sont officiellement distribuĂ©es en CĂŽte d’Ivoire (AlphacypermĂ©thrine, CypermĂ©thrine, Amitraz, FlumĂ©thrine, DeltamĂ©thrine et Fipronil) sous diverses appellations commerciales. Face aux Ă©checs thĂ©rapeutiques recurents et aux plaintes des Ă©leveurs, une nouvelle gamme d’acaricides est actuellement proposĂ©e aux Ă©leveurs. Elle est essentiellement constituĂ©e de produits Ă  base de flumĂ©thrine, de fipronil, de deltamĂ©thrine ou de cypermĂ©thrine associĂ©e au chlorpyriphos, au butoxide de pipĂ©ronyl et Ă  la citronnelle. La mĂ©thode de rĂ©fĂ©rence LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardisĂ©e par la FAO a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour Ă©valuer le niveau de rĂ©sistance de cette tique invasive R. (B.) microplus Ă  trois (3) molĂ©cules acaricides de cette gamme Ă  savoir la deltamĂ©thrine, la flumĂ©thrine et la nouvelle spĂ©cialitĂ© de molĂ©cules associĂ©es (cypermĂ©thrine-chlorpyriphos-citronnelle-butoxide de pipĂ©ronyl). Une variation du niveau de rĂ©sistance a Ă©tĂ© signalĂ©e d’un acaricide Ă  l’autre vis-Ă -vis des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus testĂ©es. L’étude a montrĂ© une rĂ©sistance des populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus Ă  la deltamĂ©thrine et Ă  la flumĂ©thrine. Quant Ă  la nouvelle spĂ©cialitĂ© de molĂ©cules associĂ©es, elle a prĂ©sentĂ© un niveau de sensibilitĂ© acceptable exprimĂ© par les populations de tiques R. (B.) microplus. &nbsp; This work aimed to improve the fight against the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in CĂŽte d'Ivoire by providing assistance to breeders in the choice of acaricides marketed. To do this, the acaricides distributed in CĂŽte d'Ivoire for cattle treatment was inventoried and then, the level of resistance- susceptibility of R. (B.) microplus to these acaricides was estimated in peri-urban cattle farms in southern CĂŽte d'Ivoire, precisely in the area of AzaguiĂ© where the exotic tick R. (B.) microplus was discovered for the first time in West Africa. It appears from the study that six (6) acaricidal molecules are officially distributed in CĂŽte d'Ivoire (Alphacypermethrin, Cypermethrin, Amitraz, Flumethrin, Deltamethrin and Fipronil) under various trade names. Faced with recurrent treatment failures and complaints from breeders, a new range of acaricides is currently being offered to breeders. It essentially consists of products based on flumethrin, fipronil, deltamethrin or cypermethrin associated with chlorpyrifos, piperonyl butoxid and citronella. The reference method LPT (Larval Packet Test) standardized by the FAO was used to estimate the level of resistance of the invasive tick R. (B.) microplus to three (3) acaricides, namely deltamethrin, flumethrin and the new product of associated acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid- citronella). A variation of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus has been reported from one acaricide to another. The study showed a resistance of R. (B.) microplus tick populations to deltamethrin and flumethrin. However, an acceptable level of susceptibility expressed by the population ticks of R. (B.) microplus to the association of acaricides (cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-piperonyl butoxid-citronella) was reported

    Integration agriculture elevage dans les exploitations agropastorales au Nord de la Cote d’Ivoire

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    Dans la rĂ©gion de Korhogo au nord de la CĂŽte d’Ivoire, les systĂšmes agropastoraux et l’intĂ©gration agriculture-Ă©levage sont de plus en plus privilĂ©giĂ©s par les paysans afin de faire face Ă  la croissance dĂ©mographique, Ă  la chertĂ© des intrants chimiques, aux problĂšmes fonciers, etc.). Cette Ă©tude vise Ă  analyser la diversitĂ© des exploitations agropastorales (EAP) selon les zones agro-Ă©cologiques, avec un focus sur l‘intĂ©gration agriculture-Ă©levage au sein de l’unitĂ© de production. La mĂ©thodologie s’appuie sur la mĂ©thode active de recherche participative (MARP), des interviews et des enquĂȘtes approfondies sur un Ă©chantillon de 82 EAP dans deux villages. Le zonage agro-Ă©cologique a Ă©tĂ© actualisĂ© Ă  dire d’acteurs du fait de la croissance dĂ©mographique, et la diversification des activitĂ©s. Cinq types (structurels et fonctionnels) d’EAP ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finis. Les grandes et trĂšs grandes EAP (1/4 des EAP) intensifient sur coton et maĂŻs (quantitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e de fumure organique (FO) sur le coton et quantitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e de NPK sur le maĂŻs) ; elles sont plus reprĂ©sentĂ©es en zone moins dense (TiĂ©bila). Les moyennes EAP mixtes agriculture-Ă©levage (20 % des EAP) et les petites et moyennes EAP d’agriculteurs (55 % des EAP), plus reprĂ©sentĂ©es en zone dense (MorovinĂ©), combinent des fertilisants organiques et minĂ©raux sur coton et cĂ©rĂ©ales. Cette Ă©tude conclue sur la nĂ©cessitĂ© de prendre en compte la saturation croissante de l’espace, les changements de pratiques agropastorales et la diversitĂ© des EAP pour mieux cibler et rendre plus pertinentes et efficaces les actions d’accompagnement des EAP. Un accent particulier doit ĂȘtre mis sur la gestion de la fertilitĂ© des sols et l’amĂ©lioration de la productivitĂ© des EAP dans une optique de conservation des ressources naturelles.Mots clĂ©s: Analyse, diversitĂ©, systĂšme agropastoral, Korhogo, CĂŽte d’Ivoire, IntĂ©gration AgricultureĂ©levageEnglish Title: Crop-livestock integration in the north of Ivory CostEnglish AbstractIn the area of Korhogo in the north of Ivory Coast, the agropastoral systems and the integration of crop and livestock are more and more privileged by the farmers to face population growth, high input cost, land problem, etc. This study aims at analyzing the diversity of agropastoral exploitations (EAP) according to agro-ecological zones, with an emphasis on the relations between crop and livestock. Methodology is based on the active participative research method (MARP), interviews and comprehensive investigations on a sample of 82 EAP in two villages. Agro-ecological zoning has been updated with the sayings of agropastoral actors according to population growth, and diversification of  activities. Five types (structural and functional) of EAP have been defined. Large and very large EAP (1/4 of the EAP) specialize on cotton and maize (more organic manure on the cotton and more mineral one on the maize); they are more represented in less dense zone (TiĂ©bila). Average mixed crop and livestock EAP (20 % of the EAP) and the small and average of farmers (55 % of the EAP), more represented in dense zone (MorovinĂ©), use on the same basis organic and mineral fertilizers on cotton and cereals. This study concluded on the need for taking into account the growing saturation of area and the diversity of EAP for better targeting the interventions of development, and making them more relevant and more effective, to reinforce the management of the fertility of the grounds and to ensure a greater productivity of the EAP, to accompany the EAP by taking into account their diversity for the conservation by the natural resources.Keywords: Analyze, diversity, agropastoral system, Korhogo, Ivory Coast, Crop-livestock Integratio

    Assessment of the Economic Impact of Sorghum Variety S 35 in Chad

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    The S 35 sorghum variety is a nonphotoperiod-sensitive, high-yielding, ear ly-matur ing, and drought - tolerant pure line that originated from ICRISAT' s breeding program in India, and was later advanced and promoted in Cameroon and Chad. Its int roduct ion into drought -prone areas of Chad has been very successful wi t h a net present value of research investments estimated at US$ 15 mi l l ion, representing an internal rate of return of 95%. Two crucial factors explain this apparent success: (1) germplasm research spillovers from ICRISAT and Cameroon's breeding programs substantially reduced the t ime lag in S 35 research and development in Chad; and (2) the FAO/UNDP-suppor ted seed project at Gassi not only successfully mul t ipl ied S 35 seed on a large scale, but also dist r ibuted it to farmers by adopt ing the 'mini-doses' approach and involving the Office national de developpement rural and NGOs . Since the recommended management practices for S 35 adopt ion are simple, relatively easy to implement wi t h available fami ly labor and animal t ract ion, and are not capital intensive, the technology has found favor wi t h many farmers. Between 1990 and 1995, the percentage of adopting farmers grew f rom 14% to 80%. In 1990, 7% of the total sorghum area (13 000 ha) was sown to the S 35 variety. By 1995, the area under S 35 had increased to 27% (66 000 ha). A yield advantage of about 5 1 % over farmers' local varieties is associated wi t h the adopt ion of S 35. The three major constraints cited by farmers - susceptibility of the variety to bi r d attack, the high cost of seed, and low soil fertility - should assist in the formulat ion of future research priorities

    Species-specific field testing of Entamoeba spp. in an area of high endemicity

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    Entamoeba histolytica has been separated in recent years into 2 morphologically identical species: the apathogenic E. dispar and the pathogenic E. histolytica, only the latter being pathogenic. Although various laboratory techniques allow discrimination between the 2 species there is a lack of field data about the suitability of available diagnostic tests for use in epidemiological studies and few epidemiological studies using species-specific diagnosis have been performed at community level in endemic areas, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a repeated cross-sectional study of 967 schoolchildren in central CÎte d'Ivoire to compare and evaluate light microscopy, 2 different antigen detection assays, and one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Microscopy and a non-specific antigen capture Entamoeba enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used for the primary screening of all children (time t0). The prevalence of the E. histolytica/E. dispar species complex at t0 was 18 · 8% by single microscopical examination and 31 · 4% using the non-specific ELISA. Approximately 2 months after the initial screening, fresh stool specimens were collected on 2 consecutive days (t1, and t2) from (i) all the children who were positive by microscopy at t0 (n = 182) and (ii) 155 randomly selected children who were negative at the primary screening. These samples were tested with a second antigen detection ELISA specific for E. histolytica (n = 238) and with a species-specific PCR assay (n = 193). The second and third examinations (t1, and t2) revealed an additional 43 infections with the species complex E. histolytica/E. dispar, so that the cumulative microscopical prevalence for t1 and t2 was 27 · 7%. The overall prevalence of E. histolytica by species-specific ELISA antigen detection was low (0 · 83%), while the prevalence of E. dispar was 15%. When analysing only microscopically positive samples by PCR (n = 129), the ratio E. histolytica: E. dispar was very low (1:46), suggesting that the vast majority of Entamoeba infections in this area were apathogenic. Both species-specific tests performed well but the ELISA was easier to use for large-scale field screenin

    Analyse phytochimique et Ă©valuation de la toxicitĂ© aiguĂ« par voie orale chez des rats de l’extrait total aqueux des feuilles de Abrus precatorius Linn (Fabaceae)

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    Abrus precatorius est reconnue en mĂ©decine traditionnelle pour ses nombreuses vertus thĂ©rapeutiques. En CĂŽte d’Ivoire, les feuilles sont utilisĂ©es dans une boisson pour le traitement des troubles gynĂ©coobstĂ©triques. Au Nigeria, le dĂ©coctĂ© des feuilles est utilisĂ© dans le traitement du diabĂšte. Des travaux antĂ©rieurs sur la plante ont mis en Ă©vidence la prĂ©sence de l’abrine qui est un composĂ© chimique toxique contenu dans les feuilles et dans les graines. L’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’utilisation des feuilles de Abrus precatorius exige qu’une approche de sa toxicitĂ© puisse ĂȘtre entreprise en vue d’évaluer son innocuitĂ© chez l’homme. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude a consisté évaluer la toxicitĂ© aiguĂ« par voie orale de l’extrait total aqueux des feuilles de Abrus precatorius (ETAAP) chez des rats. Une analyse phytochimique basĂ©e sur des rĂ©actions de coloration et/ou de prĂ©cipitation a Ă©té effectuĂ© afin d’identifier les composĂ©s chimiques prĂ©sent dans l’extrait. La Dose LĂ©tale 50 (DL50) a Ă©té dĂ©terminĂ©e et les animaux ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s durant 14 jours aprĂšs un gavage unique Ă  des doses de 5 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg et 5000 mg/kg de poids corporels (pc) contre un tĂ©moin. La DL50 obtenue a Ă©té supĂ©rieure Ă  5000 mg/kg de pc, aucune mortalitĂ© et aucun signe clinique de toxicitĂ© n’a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© chez tous les animaux. Cette Ă©tude rĂ©vĂšle que l’ETAAP est non toxique par voie orale chez des rats. L’analyse phytochimique a montrĂ© une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de groupes chimiques (alcaloĂŻdes, tanins, flavones, coumarines, saponines, stĂ©rols, triterpĂšnes et des composĂ©s rĂ©ducteurs) dont la prĂ©sence dans l’extrait pourrait ĂȘtre responsable des propriĂ©tĂ©s thĂ©rapeutiques attribuĂ©es Ă  Abrus precatorius.Mot clĂ©s : Abrus precatorius L, mĂ©decine traditionnelle, innocuitĂ©, DL50

    Impact of Germplasm Research Spillovers: The Case of Sorghum Variety S 35 in Cameroon and Chad

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    An important objective of international agricultural research inst i tut ions is to determine the extent to which research under taken in one location may impact on other regions of interest. Thi s is because research activities are most often planned to target mandate crops and agroecological areas found in many parts of the world. ICRI S A T has, as a pol icy, disributed a wide range of parental materials to breeding programs in the NARS and private seed industries throughout the semi-arid tropics. This has cont r ibuted to faster and cost-effective development of useful final products by the receiving parties. Thi s study evaluates the impacts and research spillover effects of adopt ion of sorghum variety S 35, a pure line developed f rom the ICRI S A T breeding program in India. It was later advanced in Niger ia and promoted and released in Cameroon in 1986 and Chad in 1989. Today, S 35 occupies about 33% of the total rainfed sorghum area in Cameroon and 2 7 % in Chad. Compared to farmers' best t radi t ional varieties across all study sites in Cameroon and Chad, S 35 yields 2 7 % more output (grain) and reduces uni t product ion cost by 20%.These farm-level impacts are larger in Chad where yield gain is 5 1 % higher and cost reduct ion is 3 3% higher. Th e net present value of benefits f rom S 35 research spillover in the Af r ican region was estimated to be US15millioninChadandUS 15 mi l l ion in Chad and US 4.6 mi l l ion in Cameroon, representing internal rates of return of 9 5% in Chad and 7 5% in Cameroon. These impacts were evaluated f rom the perspective of nat ional research systems. A conscious decision, therefore, was made to include only those costs associated wi t h nat ional research and extension inst i tut ions. Al l other S 35-related research and development expenditures incur red in India and Niger ia were treated as 'sunk costs', that is, costs which woul d have occur red anyway wi thout spillover. Ha d each count ry had to develop S 35 and associated management practices on its own, the t ime lag between research and release of the technology woul d have been longer and consequently impacts, if any, woul d have been smaller. For greater effectiveness in sorghum technology development and transfer in the region, future research and pol icy actions should take greater advantage of research spillovers through more col laborat ion, communicat ion, and networking between nat ional , regional , and internat ional research inst i tut ions
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