Dosage De Quelques Composantes Biochimiques Des Feuilles De Lippia multiflora (Verbenacee) a Deux Stades De Developpement Et Qualite Des Infusions, En Fonction De La Dose D’uree

Les feuilles de Lippia multiflora (verbénacée) récoltées simultanément sur des plantes d’un mois et demi et des plantes d’un an, cultivées sur des parcelles ayant reçu différentes doses d’urée ont été analysées. Les résultats indiquent que les feuilles des jeunes plantes ont un taux d’humidité élevé que celles des plantes adultes, surtout quand elles sont séchées à l’ombre. Elles sont plus riches en protéines (12 - 13 % MS) et en sucres totaux (0,013 - 0,015 % MS) avec une infusion plus astringente, plus colorée et plus parfumée. Les feuilles des plantes adultes par contre sont riches en glucides (≈ 0,6 % MS), en cellulose (≈ 0,85 % MS), en cendre (12 - 15 % MS) avec un taux d’humidité assez bas. Leur infusion est moins astringente, claire et moins parfumée. L’analyse de ces résultats révèle que les feuilles prélevées au stade d’un mois et demi sont de meilleures qualités organoleptiques à cause de leur richesse en protéine, en sucre totaux et surtout l’astringence, l’amertume et le parfum de leur infusion qui sont des critères d’appréciation du thé. Cependant, ces dernières seront conservées moins longtemps du fait de leur taux d’humidité élevés favorable à la croissance microbienne. Par ailleurs, la dose d’urée n’a pas eu d’effet significatif sur la composition chimique des feuilles et des infusions.The leaves of Lippia multiflora (verbenaceae) harvested at the same time on plants of one and a half month and the plants of one year cultivated on plots having accepted different doses of urea were analyzed. The results show that the leaves of the young plants have a well brought up rate of humidity that those of the adults plants, especially when they are dried in shade. They are richer in proteins (12 - 13 %) and in complete sugars (0.013 - 0.015 %) with a more astringent, more coloured and more sweet- scented infusion. The leaves of the adults plants are on the contrary rich in carbohydrates (0.6 %), in cellulose (0.85 %) and ash (12 - 15 %) with a low rate of humidity. Their infusion is less astringent, clear and less sweet- scented. The analysis of these results reveals that leaves taken at the stage of one and a half month are better quality because of their wealth in protein, in total sugar and especially the astringency, bitterness and the perfume of their infusion which are criteria of evaluation of tea. However, these last will be less kept for a long time because of to their hight humidity favourable to microbic growth. Moreover, the dose of urea did not have significant effect on the chemical composition of leaves and infusion. Keywords: Lippia multiflora, leaves, brewing, biochemical components, ure

Effet de la densite sur les parametres dendrometriques D'Acacia auriculaeformis en association avec le cocotier (Cocos nucifera L.) sur sables quaternaires en C&#244te d'Ivoire

No Abstract

Sustaining control of Schistosomiasis mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire : results from a SCORE study, one year after initial praziquantel administration

The Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) has launched several large-scale trials to determine the best strategies for gaining and sustaining control of schistosomiasis and transitioning toward elimination. In Côte d'Ivoire, a 5-year cluster-randomized trial is being implemented in 75 schools to sustain the control of schistosomiasis mansoni. We report Schistosoma mansoni infection levels in children one year after the initial school-based treatment (SBT) with praziquantel and compare with baseline results to determine the effect of the intervention.; The baseline cross-sectional survey was conducted in late 2011/early 2012 and the first follow-up in May 2013. Three consecutive stool samples were collected from 9- to 12-year-old children in 75 schools at baseline and 50 schools at follow-up. Stool samples were subjected to duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears. Directly observed treatment (DOT) coverage of the SBT was assessed and the prevalence and intensity of S. mansoni infection compared between baseline and follow-up.; The S. mansoni prevalence in the 75 schools surveyed at baseline was 22.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 19.5-24.4%). The DOT coverage was 84.2%. In the 50 schools surveyed at baseline and one year after treatment, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection decreased significantly from 19.7% (95% CI: 18.5-20.8%) to 12.8% (95% CI: 11.9-13.8%), while the arithmetic mean S. mansoni eggs per gram of stool (EPG) among infected children slightly increased from 92.2 EPG (95% CI: 79.2-105.3 EPG) to 109.3 EPG (95% CI: 82.7-135.9 EPG). In two of the 50 schools, the prevalence increased significantly, despite a DOT coverage of >75%.; One year after the initial SBT, the S. mansoni prevalence had decreased. Despite this positive trend, an increase was observed in some schools. Moreover, the infection intensity among S. mansoni-infected children was slightly higher at the 1-year follow-up compared to the baseline situation. Our results emphasize the heterogeneity of transmission dynamics and provide a benchmark for the future yearly follow-up surveys of this multi-year SCORE intervention study

Health & Demographic Surveillance System Profile: The Taabo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Côte d'Ivoire

The Taabo Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) is located in south-central Côte d'Ivoire, approximately 150 km north-west of Abidjan. The Taabo HDSS started surveillance activities in early 2009 and the man-made Lake Taabo is a key eco-epidemiological feature. Since inception, there has been a strong interest in research and integrated control of water-associated diseases such as schistosomiasis and malaria. The Taabo HDSS has generated setting-specific evidence on the impact of targeted interventions against malaria, schistosomiasis and other neglected tropical diseases. The Taabo HDSS consists of a small town, 13 villages and over 100 hamlets. At the end of 2013, a total population of 42 480 inhabitants drawn from 6707 households was under surveillance. Verbal autopsies have been conducted to determine causes of death. Repeated cross-sectional epidemiological surveys on approximately 5-7% of the population and specific, layered-on haematological, parasitological and questionnaire surveys have been conducted. The Taabo HDSS provides a database for surveys, facilitates interdisciplinary research, as well as surveillance, and provides a platform for the evaluation of health interventions. Requests to collaborate and to access data are welcome and should be addressed to the secretariat of the Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire: [[email protected]

Aboveground forest biomass varies across continents, ecological zones and successional stages: Refined IPCC default values for tropical and subtropical forests

For monitoring and reporting forest carbon stocks and fluxes, many countries in the tropics and subtropics rely on default values of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories. Default IPCC forest AGB values originated from 2006, and are relatively crude estimates of average values per continent and ecological zone. The 2006 default values were based on limited plot data available at the time, methods for their derivation were not fully clear, and no distinction between successional stages was made. As part of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories, we updated the default AGB values for tropical and subtropical forests based on AGB data from >25 000 plots in natural forests and a global AGB map where no plot data were available. We calculated refined AGB default values per continent, ecological zone, and successional stage, and provided a measure of uncertainty. AGB in tropical and subtropical forests varies by an order of magnitude across continents, ecological zones, and successional stage. Our refined default values generally reflect the climatic gradients in the tropics, with more AGB in wetter areas. AGB is generally higher in old-growth than in secondary forests, and higher in older secondary (regrowth >20 years old and degraded/logged forests) than in young secondary forests (20 years old). While refined default values for tropical old-growth forest are largely similar to the previous 2006 default values, the new default values are 4.0-7.7-fold lower for young secondary forests. Thus, the refined values will strongly alter estimated carbon stocks and fluxes, and emphasize the critical importance of old-growth forest conservation. We provide a reproducible approach to facilitate future refinements and encourage targeted efforts to establish permanent plots in areas with data gaps

Aboveground forest biomass varies across continents, ecological zones and successional stages: refined IPCC default values for tropical and subtropical forests

For monitoring and reporting forest carbon stocks and fluxes, many countries in the tropics and subtropics rely on default values of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Inventories. Default IPCC forest AGB values originated from 2006, and are relatively crude estimates of average values per continent and ecological zone. The 2006 default values were based on limited plot data available at the time, methods for their derivation were not fully clear, and no distinction between successional stages was made. As part of the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories, we updated the default AGB values for tropical and subtropical forests based on AGB data from >25 000 plots in natural forests and a global AGB map where no plot data were available. We calculated refined AGB default values per continent, ecological zone, and successional stage, and provided a measure of uncertainty. AGB in tropical and subtropical forests varies by an order of magnitude across continents, ecological zones, and successional stage. Our refined default values generally reflect the climatic gradients in the tropics, with more AGB in wetter areas. AGB is generally higher in old-growth than in secondary forests, and higher in older secondary (regrowth >20 years old and degraded/logged forests) than in young secondary forests (20 years old). While refined default values for tropical old-growth forest are largely similar to the previous 2006 default values, the new default values are 4.0-7.7-fold lower for young secondary forests. Thus, the refined values will strongly alter estimated carbon stocks and fluxes, and emphasize the critical importance of old-growth forest conservation. We provide a reproducible approach to facilitate future refinements and encourage targeted efforts to establish permanent plots in areas with data gaps

Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers

Le rôle de l’éléphant dans la germination des graines de Irvingia gabonensis (Irvingiaceae), Balanites wilsoniana (Balanitaceae), Parinari excelsa (Chrysobalanaceae) et Sacoglottis gabonensis (Humiriaceae) en forêt tropicale : cas du Parc National d’Azagn

Les éléphants sont d’importants consommateurs de fruits des forêts tropicales africaines. Après défécation, leurs graines gardent leur pouvoir germinatif. Dans le Parc National d’Azagny, parmi les 94 espèces de plante dont les fruits sont consommés, Irvingia gabonensis, Balanites wilsoniana, Parinari excelsa et Sacoglottis gabonensis sont les plus appétées. L’effet de l’ingestion suivie de défécation sur la germination des graines a été analysé dans trois types de formations végétales. Le taux de germination des grainesdéféquées a été supérieur à celui des graines non ingérées placées dans les mêmes conditions. Irvingia gabonensis et Balanites wilsoniana ont montré un taux de germination plus élevé que les autres espèces dans les trois milieux considérés. Nous avons conclu qu’en favorisant la germination de certaines espèces, les éléphants jouent un rôle écologique important dans la régénération de ces espèces. Ce rôle est irremplaçable et important pour la conservation des espèces et des forêts qui les abritent

Effect of Edible Coating based on improved Cassava Starch on Post-Harvest quality of fresh Tomatoes (solanum lycopersicum l.)

peer reviewedComposite coatings based on improved cassava starch have the capacity to preserve the quality and extend the shelf life of fresh tomatoes. Two new edible composites coatings C1 (4% starch/25% glycerol/5% oil/5% soybean lecithin) and C2 (4% cassava starch/microcrystalline cellulose 30%/25% glycerol/5% oil/5% lecithin) were compared with the commercially available SemperfreshTM coating and no coating. Different coatings/no coating were applied to fresh tomatoes that were subsequently stored at 20 ± 2°C and 70 ± 2% relative humidity for 4 weeks. Tomatoes coated with the composite coatings C1 and C2 based on improved cassava starch showed a significant (P < 0.05) delay in changes of firmness, weight, titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, sugar/acidity ratio and colour development compared with both SemperfreshTM and uncoated control fruit. The results demonstrated that our assessed combination of improved cassava variety starch vegetable oil, glycerol, soy lecithin and cellulose and derivates can be used as edible coating to increase the shelf life of tomatoes stored at 20 ± 2°C up to four weeks