Mel av insektlarver som ingrediens i fôr til Atlantisk laks (Salmo salar) : effekter på tarmens funksjon, helse og mikrobiota

Being part of fish’s natural diets, insects have become a realistic, sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture. While insects’ nutritional values have been extensively studied in numerous fish species, their impact on the fish health remains to be fully explored. The intestine is the main organ directly interact with the diet and of pivotal importance for the growth, development, and protection against pathogens. A well-functioning, healthy intestine is the key to convert feeds into fish biomass efficiently. In this thesis, two feeding trials, one in freshwater and one in seawater, were conducted to generate new knowledge regarding the effects of insect meal diets on the intestinal function, health, and microbiota in Atlantic salmon. The results showed no clear evidence that insect meal diets containing 15% or 60% black soldier fly larvae meal impaired the intestinal function or health in Atlantic salmon. On the contrary, insect meal diets improved intestinal health status by reducing excessive lipid deposition in the proximal intestine. Despite a four-time difference in the insect meal inclusion level between the two feeding trials, the insect meal diets reproducibly modulated the salmon intestinal microbiota enriching a particular group of bacterial genera dominated by members of the Bacillaceae family. The present thesis work generated new knowledge regarding how diets containing insect meal may influence the intestinal function, health, and microbiota in Atlantic salmon. It strengthens the knowledge basis for applying insect meal in aquaculture at a full scale.For å sikre matvareforsyningen til en stadig økende befolkning med begrensede råvareressurser, må matproduksjonssektoren minimere ressursinnsats og maksimere ernæringsverdi for humant konsum. Moderne laksefôr inneholder mye planteråvarer som også kan brukes til matproduksjon. For å bidra en bærekraftig utvikling av lakseoppdrett, må næringen redusere sin avhengighet av fôrråvarer som konkurrerer med humant konsum, og i større grad ta i bruk uutnyttede fôrressurser i råvareporteføljen. Insekter er en del av det naturlige kostholdet til laksefisk i vill tilstand, og kan være en del av løsningen. Svart soldatflue er blant de insektartene som har størst potensiale som en alternativ fôringrediens i akvakultur, og produseres i dag i industriell skala på grunn av sin gode næringsverdi. Fôrfaktor og fôrutnyttelse, vekst og fiskehelse er viktige faktorer som må evalueres når man studerer effekter av alternative fôringredienser. Ernæringsverdien av larver fra svart soldatflue har blitt grundig evaluert i fisk de siste årene. Det er imidlertid lite kunnskap om slike produkters mulige effekter på fiskehelse. Tarmen er det første organsystemet i en organisme som eksponeres for fôret og dets ingredienser. Responsene i tarmen er av avgjørende betydning for et dyrs vekst, utvikling og beskyttelse mot patogener. En velfungerende, sunn tarm er nøkkelen til å konvertere fôr effektivt til fiskebiomasse. Denne studien omfattet to fôringsforsøk, et i ferskvann og et i sjøvann, gjennomført for å gi ny kunnskap om effekter av fôr med mel fra insektlarver på tarmfunksjon, helse og mikrobiota i atlantisk laks. Fôringsforsøkene hadde lignende forsøksdesign der fôr med store forskjeller i innhold av insektmel ble evaluert.Norges forskningsråd/AquFly ; China Scholarship Counci

Consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota of Atlantic salmon fed insect meal diets

Background Being part of fish's natural diets, insects have become a practical alternative feed ingredient for aquaculture. While nutritional values of insects have been extensively studied in various fish species, their impact on the fish microbiota remains to be fully explored. In an 8-week freshwater feeding trial, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either a commercially relevant reference diet or an insect meal diet wherein black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal comprised 60% of total ingredients. Microbiota of digesta and mucosa origin from the proximal and distal intestine were collected and profiled along with feed and water samples. Results The insect meal diet markedly modulated the salmon intestinal microbiota. Salmon fed the insect meal diet showed similar or lower alpha-diversity indices in the digesta but higher alpha-diversity indices in the mucosa. A group of bacterial genera, dominated by members of the Bacillaceae family, was enriched in salmon fed the insect meal diet, which confirms our previous findings in a seawater feeding trial. We also found that microbiota in the intestine closely resembled that of the feeds but was distinct from the water microbiota. Notably, bacterial genera associated with the diet effects were also present in the feeds. Conclusions We conclude that salmon fed the insect meal diets show consistent changes in the intestinal microbiota. The next challenge is to evaluate the extent to which these alterations are attributable to feed microbiota and dietary nutrients, and what these changes mean for fish physiology and health.publishedVersio

Reducing climate change impacts and inequality of the global food system through diet shifts

How much and what we eat and where it is produced can create huge differences in greenhouse gas emissions. Bridging food consumption with detailed household-expenditure data, this study estimates dietary emissions from 13 food categories consumed by 201 expenditure groups in 139 countries, and further models the emission mitigation potential of worldwide adoption of the EAT–Lancet planetary health diet. We find that the consumption of groups with higher expenditures generally creates larger dietary emissions due to excessive red meat and dairy intake. As countries develop, the disparities in both emission volumes and patterns among expenditure groups tend to decrease. Global dietary emissions would fall by 17% if all countries adopted the planetary health diet, primarily attributed to decreased red meat and grains, despite a substantial increase in emissions related to increased consumption of legumes and nuts. The wealthiest populations in developed and rapidly developing countries have greater potential to reduce emissions through diet shifts, while the bottom and lower-middle populations from developing countries would cause a considerable emission increase to reach the planetary health diet. Our findings highlight the opportunities and challenges to combat climate change and reduce food inequality through shifting to healthier diets

Changes in global food consumption increase GHG emissions despite efficiency gains along global supply chains

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to food consumption complement production-based or territorial accounts by capturing carbon leaked through trade. Here we evaluate global consumption-based food emissions between 2000 and 2019 and underlying drivers using a physical trade flow approach and structural decomposition analysis. In 2019, emissions throughout global food supply chains reached 30 ±9% of anthropogenic GHG emissions, largely triggered by beef and dairy consumption in rapidly developing countries—while per capita emissions in developed countries with a high percentage of animal-based food declined. Emissions outsourced through international food trade dominated by beef and oil crops increased by ~1 Gt CO2 equivalent, mainly driven by increased imports by developing countries. Population growth and per capita demand increase were key drivers to the global emissions increase (+30% and +19%, respectively) while decreasing emissions intensity from land-use activities was the major factor to offset emissions growth (−39%). Climate change mitigation may depend on incentivizing consumer and producer choices to reduce emissions-intensive food products.</p

Potential of insect-based diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of dietary insect meal (IM) and insect oil (IO) on growth performance, body composition and nutrient digestibility of freshwater reared Atlantic salmon. The IM and IO were produced from black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, L.; BSF) that had been grown on (1) media containing organic waste streams, or on (2) media partially containing seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum). The feeding trial of the current study followed a factorial 2 × 3 way-ANOVA experimental design with six dietary groups of Atlantic salmon fed diets with insect-derived ingredients for 8 weeks. A typical industrial diet, with protein from fish meal and soy protein concentrate (SPC) (50:50) and lipids from fish oil and vegetable oil (33:66), was fed to a positive control group. Five experimental diets were formulated, where 85% of the dietary protein was replaced by IM and/or all the vegetable oil was replaced by IO (IM from insects grown on media 1, IO from insects grown on either media 1 (IO1) or media 2 (IO2)). Replacing the dietary fish meal and SPC with insect protein significantly reduced the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein, lipid and all amino acids investigated, though remained highly digestible. There were, however, only small differences due to protein or lipid source in growth performance, and no effects of insect ingredients on feed intake or feed conversion ratio. Inclusion of IM-based diets significantly increased both hepatosomatic index and visceral somatic index of Atlantic salmon. Proteinase activity in the intestine was not affected by dietary inclusion of BSF larvae meal, while leucine aminopeptidase activity was lower in fish fed with insect ingredients than the control group. Whole-body protein, lipid, amino acids and minerals contents were not affected by protein or lipid source. In general, this study showed that protein meal and oil from BSF larvae hold a great potential as a source of nutrients for Atlantic salmon.publishedVersio

The co-benefits of clean air and low-carbon policies on heavy metal emission reductions from coal-fired power plants in china

China has implemented a series of measures to address air pollutants and carbon emissions from coal-fired power plants, which can mitigate toxic heavy metal emissions simultaneously. By integrating plant-level information and energy activity data, we investigated the co-benefits of clean air and low-carbon policies by compiling a detailed inventory of historical heavy mental emissions (i.e., Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Sb, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, As, and Se) for China's coal-fired power plants during 2005–2020. Several scenarios were then designed to assess the evolution of heavy metal emissions for each coal-fired power plant with consideration given to the coal washing rate, air pollution control devices, operational hours and lifetime. The total emissions decreased from 12.9 thousand tons in 2005 to 8.8 thousand tons in 2020, which was mainly due to the widely installation of upgraded end-of-pipe devices and the decommissioning of small and emission-intensive plants, especially in Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Scenario analysis shows that reducing the operational lifetime to 20 years is the most effective measure to reduce national HM emissions, but the effects differ widely between regions. This study provides insights for the precise co-control of both heavy metals and carbon emissions, which is highly important for meeting the requirements of the Minamata Convention and carbon neutrality

Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus inhibits inflammatory response, both in vitro and in vivo

Fucoidan has been reported to present diverse bioactivities, but each extract has specific features from which a particular biological activity, such as immunomodulation, must be confirmed. In this study a commercially available pharmaceutical-grade fucoidan extracted from Fucus vesiculosus, FE, was characterized and its anti-inflammatory potential was investigated. Fucose was the main monosaccharide (90 mol%) present in the studied FE, followed by uronic acids, galactose, and xylose that were present at similar values (3.8–2.4 mol%). FE showed a molecular weight of 70 kDa and a sulfate content of around 10%. The expression of cytokines by mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) revealed that the addition of FE upregulated the expression of CD206 and IL-10 by about 28 and 22 fold, respectively, in respect to control. This was corroborated in a stimulated pro-inflammatory situation, with the higher expression (60 fold) of iNOS being almost completely reversed by the addition of FE. FE was also capable of reverse LPS-caused inflammation in an in vivo mouse model, including by reducing macrophage activation by LPS from 41% of positive CD11C to 9% upon fucoidan injection. Taken together, the potential of FE as an anti-inflammatory agent was validated, both in vitro and in vivo.This research received funding from project 0474_BLUEBIOLAB_1_E, financed by the European Regional Development Fund through INTERREG España-Portugal 2014–2020, and project ATLANTIDA (ref. NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000040) supported by the Northern Portugal Regional Programme Norte 2020, under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement. This work was also developed within the scope of the project CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials (UIDB/50011/2020, UIDP/50011/2020 and LA/P/0006/2020) and LAQV-REQUIMTE (UIDB/50006/2020), financed by national funds of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)/MCTES. A. S. F. thanks FCT for the individual grant (SFRH/BD/102471/2014). This work was also funded by national funds (OE), through FCT, I.P., within the scope of the framework contract seen in numbers 4, 5 and 6 of article 23 of the Decree Law 57/2016, August 29, changed by Law 57/2017, July 19. The authors are also thankful to the financial support from the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 32000936)

A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for myopic macular degeneration.

Background: Myopic macular degeneration (MMD) is a primary cause of blindness and visual impairment in many parts of the world. A review of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for intervention selection are required with the increasing demand for MMD management in clinical practice as well as in national health services. Therefore, we aim to systematically review CPGs for MMD and assist the recommendations development of the Package of Eye Care Interventions (PECI) program of the World Health Organization. Methods: A systematic review of CPGs published on MMD between 2010 and April 2020 was conducted. Guidelines were evaluated using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) tool. Cochrane systematic reviews were also included when the evidence from included CPGs were inadequate or contradict. Results: After applying exclusion criteria and conducting the quality appraisal, two CPGs were finally included. The average of the AGREE II ratings for the identified Guidelines were 56 and 63 respectively (7 for each item). To provide further information on interventions for MMD, one Cochrane review on MMD was additionally identified and included in the study. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs were recommended for patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) as first-line therapy to improve vision and reduce central macular thickness, and ranibizumab showed significant effectiveness compared to photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT was recommended to be performed in those resistant to the treatment by one CPG but lacked of adequate description and support. Data extracted from the Cochrane systematic reviews indicated that anti-VEGF therapy for mCNV had significant effectiveness in improving visual acuity and reducing CMT compared to PDT with moderate to low certainty of evidence. Ranibizumab and bevacizumab were considered as equally effective with moderate certainty. Conclusions: The outcomes of this review suggest that high quality clinical practice guidelines for MMD management are limited. Intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents was recommended as an effective intervention to treat myopic CNV as the first-line treatment, while there was inadequate guidance for the application of PDT in myopic CNV management. The use of other interventions for MMD were not recommended at this time and additional evidence is called for